Adenosine diphosphate

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main energy carrier within cells. ATP is a nucleotide and consists of adenine, a ribose sugar and a triphosphate unit. ATP is “an energy-rich molecule because its triphosphate unit contains two phosphoanhydride bonds” and, a significant amount of energy is released when these bonds are broken1. Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway whereby mitochondria in living cells generate ATP from the oxidation of nutrients. This process involves the transfer…

Sophie, Rebecca, and Indrani Scrpit: I: (Hello; Hi) We studied Cellular Respiration. For our project, we made a working model. This box (points to box) represents a cell. As you can see, we’ve drawn the parts of the cell on the box. R: The equation for cellular respiration is Glucose + Oxygen-----------> Carbon Dioxide+ Water+ Energy. First, glucose, which is in the cell, (drops into mitochondria) is the first of the two raw materials used. The next is oxygen (drops whatever oxygen is…

The purpose of the study was to test the effect of various lighting conditions on the rate of photosynthesis. The prediction for this experiment was that if a plant receives more light, then it will have a higher rate of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process that converts carbon dioxide into sugars such as glucose using energy from the sun. It is basically how plants make their own food. In order to make this food plants need carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. Plants obtain these…

Tumor metabolism is associated with increase in glycolytic pathways by what is known as the Warburg effect. The lack of oxygen due to decreased vascularization makes the mutated cells rely on an anaerobic production of lactate from pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase accompanied by the oxidation of NADH to NAD+, with a net production of 2 ATP as their main energy source. The NAD+ produced is used as an electron acceptor by the mitochondrial transport chain requiring a stable and high concentration…

The experiences in the Biology 230 course will certainly continue to influence me in my understand of and how I approach topics in following biology and science courses. The reason why I say this is that the process that information is taught in the lecture course was a bit different from how some other courses would normally be taught. Comparing this course to previously biology and chemistry courses, this course focuses on the why rather than what is the answer. This certainly helps as it…

Making ATP from Free fatty Acids:- The other two energy substrates, FFAs and AAs, bypass glycolysis and ultimately enter the TCA cycle/oxidative phosphorylation as pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or different components of the TCA cycle. FFAs are released from adipose tissue by lipolysis and circulate in blood bound to serum albumin. Transport proteins then translocate FFAs into cells. FFAs are metabolized in mitochondria by the repetitive, cyclic process of β oxidation. This requires the transport of…

Using a specific example discuss a possible target for the development of anti-mycobacterial therapeutics ATP synthase is a main enzyme used to produce ATP in respiration of a cell. It makes use of a proton gradient in the mitochondrial cell membrane to generate ATP. By transporting protons back across the membrane, using ADP and a phosphate ion to create ATP. Normally most bacteria can gain enough ATP to grow optimally through substrate level phosphorylation, however it has been shown that M.…

1. Skeletal muscle used ATP to contract. Then, ATP is broken down into ADP and P, which release energy. 2. A) The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the organelle that stores calcium in muscles cells. B) In order for calcium to be released from this organelle some events must occur. First, an action potential needs to reach the synaptic terminal. Then acetylcholine needs to be released into the sarcoplasm. After that, ACH molecules will land on receptors that are on the motor end plate. Then, an action…

Niemann-Pick disease is a condition that affects many body systems. It has a wide range of symptoms that vary in severity. Niemann-Pick disease is divided into four main types: type A, type B, type C1, and type C2. These types are classified on the basis of genetic cause and the signs and symptoms of the condition. Infants with Niemann-Pick disease type A usually develop an enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly) by age 3 months and fail to gain weight and grow at the expected rate…

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell that act like a digestive system which consumes nutrients, breaks them down, and manufactures energy for the cell. This chemical processes of the cell is known as cellular respiration (1). Most of cellular respiration happens in the mitochondria. Mitochondria typically float around free throughout the cell. Some cells have hundreds of mitochondria, like muscle cells, while others have little to none, like nNeurons (1). The quantity of mitochondria a…