Adenosine diphosphate

What is Cellular respiration? This common question is asked by many young and talented 15-year-olds in biology class. Cellular respiration happens in every living organism, and help us produce ATP or otherly known as energy. Cellular respiration seems like a big process and it really is with things like the Krebs cycle, which converts things such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy. There are three main steps to Cellular respiration, Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and Electron transport…

Na+/K+ Pump and the Secondary Active Transport of Glucose The concentration gradient of sodium ions produced by the sodium potassium pump possesses potential energy that is utilized as sodium ions move down the concentration gradient during secondary transport. [5]. The sodium gradient propels the absorption of glucose in the glucose sodium cotransporter, SGLT1 [6]. SGLT1 uses the sodium gradient to move the glucose molecule down the gradient since it does not have its own energy to do so [6].…

catalysed by the transmembrane protein, adenylate cyclase, initiated by the release of GTP-bound α subunit. This increases the cytosolic levels of cAMP which then activates protein kinase A. This successively phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase b stored in the cell, as phosphorylase kinase is initiated. Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase b converts to phosphorylase a. This enzyme releases glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen polymers. After this the phosphate group is moved from the C-1…

Carbohydrate digestion involves the conversion of polysaccharides and disaccharides into their relevant components of monosaccharides. Digestion begins in the mouth, where chewing and biting breaks down carbohydrates physically and chemically. The enzyme salivary amylase combines with food. When the food enters the stomach hydrochloric acid present causes hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose. The food passes to the duodenum where pancreatic amylase is secreted and has optimum PH, so…

In mammals, many functions of the body are made possible with the help of ATP. ATP is made is bulk in the mitochondria, thus, the body relies heavily on the mitochondria’s supply of ATP to make life possible (McCormack, 523). Regulation of this process, by default, is important as well. The body regulates the oxidative metabolism through placing in the regulator sites, that can increase or decrease the production of ATP through changing the concentration of (McCormack, 523). The…

The reasons why kidney and skeletal muscle chosen for the kinetic analysis of LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is the enzyme that coverts high level lactate to pyruvate and maintain equilibrium level in skeletal muscle. In the abive case Lactate dehydrogenase action is completely correlated to the muscular fatigue. The production of lactic acid during severe excerise or heavy work load is leading to muscle fatigue. Normally at rest means the excess lactate converted to pyruvate . Usually LDH…

In this lab we compared fermentation rates under various conditions also known as anaerobic and cellular respiration with an aerobic process. Cellular respiration, is the method when food molecules are broken down from glucose to energy molecules known as ATP. As stated in lab manual BSC 2010L the equation formula is C_6 H_12 O_6+ 6O_2→6CO_2+6H_2 O+energy (including~ 36 ATP) (Upadhyaya, 2018). Fermentation, similar to cell respiration begins with glycolysis; it is the breakdown of glucose with…

Creatine was discovered in 1832 by Michel Chevreul. It is formed from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine. Athletes take creatine supplements to improve strength and power. Athletes normally purchase creatine in powder, capsule, and liquid forms. The average adult gets 1 to 2 grams of creatine from his or her normal diet; for athletic performance, people may start with 10 to 30 grams of creatine a day and follow by a maintenance dose of 2 to 5 grams of creatine a day. (David…

Rate of Respiration from Refrigerated, Sprouted Mung Beans; Room Temperature Sprouted Mung Beans, and Moss at Room Temperature, and Yeast? Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the rates of respiration within refrigerated and non-refrigerated Mung beans. Cellular respiration is the oxidation of glucose molecules (C6H12O6) to produce ATP, CO2, and H2O. The generalized/condensed version of this formula is: C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (Energy). The specimen’s speed at which…

The use of creatine as a nutritional supplement constitute the Position Statement of the Society 3. Methods 1. Subjects 1. Youth 2. Athletes 3. Male 2. Protocols 1. Creatine monohydrate is the most effective ergogenic nutritional supplement currently available to athletes in terms of increasing high-intensity exercise capacity and lean body mass during training. 2. Creatine monohydrate supplementation is not only safe, but possibly beneficial in regard to preventing injury and/or management…