Adenine

frameshift to fix the mutation and allow it to grow. 19. MutT is important because it helps in the degradation of base 8-Oxo-dGTP (oxoG). The base oxoG is able to form pairs with C and A. Cells that lack MutT are unable to remove oxoG which causes adenines to be replaced with cytosines because of their better geometrical pairing (C:oxoG). 20. DNA polymerase recognizes misincorporated base pairs by checking the geometry. Mismatches have 10X greater affinity for DNA polymerase 3’  5’…

groups of protein and non-protein biomolecules. By binding thiol groups of the antioxidant enzymes, lead can inhibit the activity of the enzymes. Lead increases the amount of cellular ROS through mechanisms involving PKC and ALAD (878). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) complex produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) when the complex is reduced. PKC activated by lead can reduce NADPH complex, leading to release of ROS. ALAD produces δ-aminolevulinic acid when ALAD is inhibited.…

Huntington’s Chorea, more commonly known as Huntington’s disease, is a progressive hereditary neurodegenerative disorder that presents in mid-life, affecting an individual’s cognitive, emotional and motor abilities (Warby, Graham, & Hayden, 2014). Huntington’s disease was named after an American Physician by the name of George Huntington, who first documented the disease in 1872. In his findings, he described the disease as Hereditary chorea. In Greek terminology, the word Chorea means “to…

What comes to mind when someone asks “What is biology”? Do you think of tiny cells spread throughout your entire body helping you stay alive, your DNA, or maybe plants? Biology is simply the study of living organisms. We learn by studying where living organisms come, from, where it has been, who or what were its ancestors, what it has used as food and even if there are any diseases or degenerations present. Biology helps us treat diseases, create vaccines, aid in better nutrition and has even…

Guanine, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine are the four nucleotide bases of DNA. The clever title, of the futuristic movie revolving around genetic engineering, “Gattaca”, is a DNA sequence. The symbolism, as within the title, continues throughout the thought provoking film. DNA is like the instructions used to develop life. However, in the film, DNA is also a prime determinate of social class. Vincent Freeman is a baby of faith, conceived by means of natural reproduction. His parent’s decision, to…

Introduction The scientific study of Huntington’s Disease (HD) had began in 1872, by George Huntington who is a family physician that had published a report on the clinical symptoms and peculiar mode of inheritance of the disorder.(1, 2) Huntington’s disease has 3 subtypes according to the age onset, which are infantile, juvenile and the adult-onset.(2) Individuals with Huntington’s disease can become asymptomatic between the ages of 1 and 80 years.(3) The typical mean age of onset is 40 years,…

The Origin Problem Since the time of Darwin, naturalists have attempted to explain how life formed through purely natural causes. Some naturalist models argued that either DNA or a protein provided the first possibility for life. However, problems with these models became evident as the researcher’s knowledge of DNA grew. The researchers discovered DNA relies on proteins for transcription and translation, but functional proteins cannot form without the information stored in DNA. The solution…

A Whodunit for All Time HOLLAND, MI - A few weeks ago, a woman fell to her untimely death in the atrium of Schaap Science Center at Hope College. Because the woman was a teaching assistant at Hope College in a class where few students were doing well, foul play was immediately suspected by the investigating officers. While security footage did not capture her death, the Holland Police Department forensics team was able to collect biological data from the scene for analysis. Since that time,…

making it a turning point in history. Scientific Foundation of DNA Profiling The DNA (also known as Deoxyribonucleic acid) in cells is formed of two long strands that wrap around each other. There are four different types of bases in DNA, A (adenine), C (cytosine), G (guanine), T (thymine). These bases join together, A with T and U with G, to form a structure that looks like the twisted steps of a…

Chloroplast are found in plants, they are responsible for the metabolism of energy to produce food for plants by breaking down Carbon dioxide, water and sunlight through a process called Photosynthesis. Once Carbon Dioxide enters a plant through stomata pores in a plant, water is absorbed through the roots of a plant and sunlight captured by chlorophyll pigments inside the chloroplast which is actually inside the thylakoids. It 's the russian doll complex., it is within the chloroplast that…