Adenine

1. James Watson and Francis Crick were credited for discovering the double helix structure of DNA molecule. James Watson is known to have received his degrees at the University of Chicago and his PHD at the University of India. He then met Francis Crick at the University of Cambridge where he later worked after receiving his PHD. Francis Crick during the World War II was some biophysics who held develop radar and magnetic mines then after the war he then began the structure of DNA research with…

“In the U.S., GMOs are in as much as 80% of conventional processed food” (Non-GMO Project). The public has grown concerned over genetically engineered food. However, not many people actually know what GMO stands for. GMO is an abbreviation for genetically modified organism, and can be created by genetic engineering or biotechnology. These organisms could never be created naturally. They can be used for yeast, plants, fish, and other animals. Most commonly it is used in processed foods, even…

Proteins are large, complex molecules found throughout the body. They are polymers made out of different types of small unites called amino acids. Each amino acid consists of a central carbon atom, which is attached to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain or R group. There are twenty different types of amino acids and each one of them has different chemical properties. Amino acids are held together by covalent peptide bonds therefore the proteins, chains of…

It is a precursor for the coenzyme ß-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which serves as an essential nutrient for cellular growth and participates in the regulation of multiple cellular functions including apoptosis (Klaidman et al., 1996; Mukherjee et al., 1997). Nicotinamide has been reported to…

The RNA World: The Implications and Problems it Presents Brandon Gutierrez Abstract The origin of life on Earth is a difficult topic to analyze with the limited data available in modern science. Many hypothesis have been suggested to explain how life may have arisen from an abiotic environment, but the topic is still far from fully understood. One generally accepted hypothesis to explain the origin of life involves an RNA world in which RNA was synthesized abiotically and carried out both the…

Insoo Cho Dr. Danzi Engoron BI356 Genetics Currently, there are more than 600 genetic disorders known, all caused by defective genes. Genetic disorders result from the accumulation of the harmful substance in the body or from an inability of the body to produce or utilize essential substances that influence development and function. Most of the time genetic disorders are passed down through family, however, sometimes they can also be due to gene mutation caused by a combination of both…

Day in the Life: Elena Flowers Photos of her two, young daughters and their painted handprint artwork decorate the office of Elena Flowers, PhD, RN. She is a mom, but she identifies as a researcher and professor too. “In April, I am volunteering at my daughter’s school for DNA Day to talk about my job,” Flowers said. “I appreciate that my job allows me the scheduling flexibility to do that.” While her job allows for flexibility, it can also cause her to work for several hours on a Friday…

It is well known that all organisms require at least some water to survive, even the most hardy creature on the planet earth, the tardigrade, Hypsibius dujardini, which can survive near complete dehydration, exposure to extreme radiation, vacuum, temperature and pressure, must be rejuvenated with water if it is to resume life after near complete desiccation (Gabriel, et al. 2007). H. dujardini, famous for surviving some of the harshest conditions of any organism we know of, is a perfect example…

III )Krebs cycle The Krebs cycle consists of five major points . There is in firstly the general overwiew of cellular respiration and in secondly mitochondrie structure then Acetyl-Coa wich contains Production and possible fates then Krebs Cycle wich contains reactions and regulation and finally Glyoxylate cycle. For the general overwiew of cellular respiration we will talk about cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is an aerobic phase of catabolism in which organic fuel molecule are…

Aging Context Aging is treated as a vital factor in the etiology of human disease (ES-2014-aging). It is also an important risk factor for AD and PD onset and progression. Biologically, aging is an inevitable biological process that is characterized by a progressive decline in physiological function, including cognition, and by the increased susceptibility to disease (RX-2013). Oxidative stress and mitochondrial malfunction are two interdependent mechanisms that play a central role in brain…