Action potential

Acetylcholine has two types of receptors: muscarinic and nicotinic, these receptors are functionally and structurally different. Nicotinic receptors are ionotropic, meaning that ions flow through it when acetylcholine binds to it. It acts as a channel for the ions that cross it, especially sodium, and this causes the depolarization of the cell. There are two types of nicotinic receptors formed by different subunits, N1 are found in the neuromuscular junctions allowing muscle movement, and N2 is…

Important Vocabulary (highlighted in the handout): Stimulus, neurons, dendrites, neurotransmitters, axon, myelin, action potential, graded potential, transmembrane potential, neuroglia, cerebrum, spinal cord What is the central nervous system? It’s a system which consists of the nerves in the brain and spinal cord. This system only makes up about 3% of a human’s body weight but serves a vital function, gathering information about and reacting to its environment and any stimulus. Don’t Shoot the…

temperature, and circuits that allow your body to move and function. The nervous system at both a cellular and organizational level. Neurons are the primary cells of the nervous system, propagating impulses through both electric and chemical means action potentials and synaptic transmission, respectively. Neurons can be grouped together to form nerves, which are the primary organizational structures in one major branch of the nervous system, the peripheral nervous system. This is in contrast to…

postsynaptic nerve terminal (the dorsal horn neuron)[1]. Specifically activation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA)-type and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors lead to depolarization and the generation of action potentials which transmits the pain impulses through ascending pathways (e.g. spinothalamic tract ) to the brain. Neuropeptides like substance P are also released into the synapse and have been shown to prolong the depolarization wave elicited by…

The refractory period is when the nerve or muscle cell fires during which the cell can’t respond to stimulation not until the resting potential is re-established. This process is called the refractory period. The first part of the refractory period this is called the absolute refractory period. It reaches the start of the action potential until the K+ begins to shut. During this process, the sodium channels are active, so the membrane will not respond to the stimuli. The second part…

Figure 1. An EMG Tracing of Triceps and Biceps Muscles Co-activation. EMG signal produces an electrical activity of the muscle fibers active at a moment time. The electrical activity is measured in millivolts per milliseconds. The top channel shows the bicep EMG, while the bottom EMG correlates to the triceps contraction traces. Shown on the top graph, there are two periods of bicep activation, each last approximately 1.5ms. When the biceps are activated, it produces increasing amplitude peaks,…

A synaptic vesicle will fuse with the membrane of the presynaptic cell and will release its content into the synaptic cleft after action potential has been reached. The relationship between a synaptic vesicle and a neurotransmitter is that the synaptic vesicle will contain neurotransmitter which are macromolecules that neurons use to communicate with each other. For worms, the synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine which will go into the synaptic cleft cause by electrical impulses that go down…

also known as an Action Potentials (AP), which propagate down an axon to transmit a signal to another cell. The signal may be transmitted to another neuron through a synapse of another dendrite or will form a Neuromuscular junction with a skeletal muscle cell. Skeletal muscle consists of many multinucleated muscle fibers connected to intercalation of sarcoplasmic…

spatial summation (Maler and Rogers 1981). It will not fire upon input from only one T unit, it must receive synchronous input from various T units converging at the spherical cell at the same time (Maler and Rogers 1981). When this occurs, an action potential is generated. This was determined by a clever experiment in which, a fish was administer just enough anesthesia to disable its EOD (Maler and Rogers 1981). The researchers replaced its EOD with one that they produced and were able to…

important to examine the ways that this disorder can be controlled. Low potassium diets, regular turnout, and a constant schedule have been shown to effectively manage the condition of Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis. The role of potassium in action potentials, as well as in muscular contraction, is reviewed. Also investigated is the ideal way to feed a horse affected with this condition. In recent years, a new condition in the performance horse industry has surfaced which is affecting the…