Action potential

bottom-up processing. To make sense of this information, take the eyes as an example: imagine looking at a cup of coffee. The eyes register an object, but they, alone, cannot make sense of what they are looking at. That is when top-down comes into action. Top-down is when the brain interprets the stimulus and recognizes the object as a cup of coffee. The eye is the sense organ that detects stimulus, or light. The retina is in the back of the eye and is responsible for converting electromagnetic…

SECTION 2 Structure involved in disease. According to Martini et al. (2015) nervous system divided into two division which is the Central Nervous System(CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System(PNS). CNS consist of the brain and spinal cord while PNS include all the neural tissue outside the CNS. Neuron are the nerve cells which receive the stimulus from each part of the body and send it to the CNS. A neuron consist of body cell, dendrites, axon,myelin sheath and telodendrites. Normal neuron…

PKMz putatively facilitates LTP by maintaining trafficking of the Glu2R subunit of the AMPA receptor to the post-synaptic density, increasing the local synaptic potential and lowering threshold to depolarization at the membrane [28]. PKMz inhibitors can erase memories up to 3 months old, and GluA2 endocytosis inhibitors can block the loss of memory associated with ZIP [3]. Based on these observations, it has been…

The nucleus accumbens is the release sight for the neurotransmitter dopamine, a nature chemical in the central nervous system. When released in standard quantities, it assists in critical brain functions. Like most neurotransmitters, dopaminergic signaling entails an equilibrium between dopamine release and the re-uptake by presynaptic nerve terminal. Under specific circumstances, a stimulus will promote the release of dopamine into the synapse. Dopamine transporters will then remove the…

How one acts, thinks, or feels all come from the body’s nervous system. The nervous system is the body’s communication center that transmits thoughts and actions from the brain and spinal cord to a body part(s).The nervous system is made up of two parts- the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is a system outside the brain and spinal cord and it connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body. The central nervous system controls…

1. Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system. Neurons communicate through synapses. The nervous system transmits all messages to the brain. The messaging process moves in one direction to the cell body, where the cell body transmits an electrical pulse to the neurotransmitter this creates an impulse. 2. Throughout the normal day you use multiple parts of your brain. An activity that uses more than ten parts of your brain at once is if you hold your hand over a flame. Your Frontal…

. Neuromodulators are messengers released by neurons that can control the activity of neurons without specifically causing a depolarization or hyperpolarization. They are found in the central nervous system, and they affect certain groups of neurons or effector cells that have the appropriate receptors. However, neuromodulators can be used to treat epilepsy, other pain syndromes and even certain movement disorders. Examples of neuromodulators are as follows; a. Noradrenaline (Noradrenaline…

Sonogenetics is the use of ultrasonic soundwaves to control neurons to activate or deactivate cells. This can also be done through electrical currents or light (optogenetics). But, the issue with optogenetics, according to the website ZME Science’s article Ultrasounds used to control neurons in a worm's brain by Tibi Puiu is that light is unable to go through the body like sound can. Neuroscientists need a way to activate singular neurons reliably, specifically ones in deep inside the brain.…

Neuroscientists at the John Hopkins University School of Medicine were able to determine that a group of cells found in the adult brain remain highly active by transforming into insulating nerve fibers. These nerve fibers then formed scars that contributed to tissue repair when they were artificially inserted into a group of mice. Their work brings to light how these multifunctional cells communicate with one another in the central nervous system (CNS), also known as the brain and spinal cord.…

g a description of origin, course, and termination, as well as an explanation of how they relate to LMNs. Motor commands generated in the CNS travel on upper motor neurons (UMN) and synapse with lower motor neurons (LMN) to send messages to the muscles of the body. UMNs are first-order neurons, they do not leave the central nervous system. The pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts consist of UMNs. Since UMN do not leave the neuraxis they have to synapse with LMN to carry messages to the muscles.…