Actin

1. Skeletal muscle used ATP to contract. Then, ATP is broken down into ADP and P, which release energy. 2. A) The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the organelle that stores calcium in muscles cells. B) In order for calcium to be released from this organelle some events must occur. First, an action potential needs to reach the synaptic terminal. Then acetylcholine needs to be released into the sarcoplasm. After that, ACH molecules will land on receptors that are on the motor end plate. Then, an action…

the contractile properties (i.e. force) of the frog gastrocnemius muscle. Skeletal muscle is composed of bundles of muscle fibers called myofibers. These fibers are themselves composed of myofibrils, which are comprised of the ordered arrangement of actin and myosin. These proteins slide past each other in the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+) and ATP resulting in muscle contraction and relaxation (See Figure). The skeletal muscle motor unit consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers…

The Structure and Function of Monomeric Actin Caroline Lussier The Protein Data Bank is a free, updated archive and resource containing information about the structure of macromolecules including proteins and nucleic acids. This material allows users to better understand and compare the building blocks of life. More specifically, this database can help users to draw conclusions about how large molecule conformations help to determine the direction of drug development. The Protein Data Bank has…

Beta actin is a cytoskeletal protein involved in cell structure, motility, and cohesion. Also, it is highly conserved, which allows it to be constitutively expressed in all proteins, making it a good loading control6. This protein was used by the authors to indicate that when the separase RNAi and SKA3 RNAi were added to the cell, the western blot indicated this by having little to no bands for the amount of separase and SKA3 in the depleted cell. Since actin is constitutively expressed…

Myocardium is composed of cardiac-type muscle which consist of muscle fibres, which form a network due the presence of intercalated discs. These intercellular junctions provide a point of anchorage for the myofibrils and allow for the contractile stimuli from one cell to another (1). The Aortic media are concentric arranged fenestrated sheets of elastin which are separated by collagenous tissue and smooth muscle fibres (2). The media is composed of 2-3 layers of muscle. Secondly the arrangement…

There are a number of signalling processes, which seem to be affected by Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and the lack of dystrophin present in cells. These signalling processes in the cell include integrins, nitric oxide signalling, calcium homeostasis and proteolysis and the inflammatory response. Integrins are receptors, which span across the membrane and play a role in a number of cell processes, like cell-cell interactions and migr ation, through connections to the extracellular matrix. The…

Dystrophin is a protein that is located in muscles that work with movement. The job of Dystrophin is to produce muscle proteins that protects the skeletal, cardiovascular and nervous system. Dystrophin plays an important role in protein complex that work together to strengthen muscle fiber and help prevent injuries. It also plays a role in cell signaling between proteins and chemical signals. However its main job is connecting and weighing down each structural framework between proteins and…

I.A Background & Key Question(s) Rapid reproductions in muscles cells are needed because our muscles are constantly exposed to exercise and injury. In our muscles, Myoblast is the embryonic cells that mature and fuse together forming Myocytes. Through the process myogenesis, Myocytes form muscles. However, specifically satellite cells aid in new growth and regenerated muscle. Since these cells respond to one another and create a domino effect they were used in this experiment. Rozwadowska et al…

The results from the first experiment confirmed the hypothesis, to a certain extent, in that increasing stimulus strength will increase the force generated by the gastrocnemius muscle and visa versa till 0.2V, where the force germinated starts to decrease. As shown in Table 2 and Figure 2, the strength of the stimulus started from 0.00 V to 1.00V with 0.05 V and 0.10V intervals. At 0.10V the force generated by the muscle increases rapidly from 0mN to 288.33mN. The force generated by the muscle…

Biology 201 B1 Assignment #2 A four question analysis on "The myosin-interacting protein SMYD1 is essential for sarcomere organization" by Just et al. (2011) 1.) Wild-type Fla Mutant (SMYD-deficient) In the current study, the authors used a zebra fish mutant known as Flatline (fla). This mutant contains a nonsense mutation within the SMYD1 gene, consequently, these mutants show disturbed sarcomere assembly. The authors…