Actin

2.5. Morphological Identification/Evaluations of Entomopathogenic Fungi The six isolates of fungal entomopathogens were provided by Department of Entomology, Penn State USA. Preliminary morphological identifications of fungal entomopathogens such as color of colony, mycelial characteristics and spores from all six isolates were done at microscopic level. 2.6. Molecular Characterizations of Entomopathogenic Fungi Cultures of Metarhizium fungus were grown in nutrient broth (Bacto, Australia) in…

1. Nerve conduction tests of the ulnar, tibial, and peroneal nerves involves testing how well and quickly a nerve can send electrical signals to begin contraction of skeletal muscles. The first step in muscle contraction is excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber by a nerve signal. The nerve signal must be sent to the neuromuscular junction to open the voltage-gated calcium channels. Just like in a muscle fiber, the neuron must reach threshold potential before the action potentials can be…

Abstract: Musculoskeletal dysfunctions such as osteoarthritis and low back pain are commonly seen among transfemoral amputees (TFAs), and are considered as secondary disabilities among amputees. The amputation surgery changes the biomechanics of transfemoral amputees abruptly. It is not unusual that the gait deviation in TFAs is commonly observed and the primary cause is muscle weakness. The amputation leads to the loss of muscle distal insertion sites and the change of muscle’s moment arm, thus…

Homo sapiens and Homo Neanderthalensis, the scientific name for modern Humans and our closest extinct relative the Neanderthal. These two primates from the “Homo” genome from which Humans and Neanderthals evolved from to come become modern Humans. These two species have coexisted with each other in the past, and even battled for survival as humans expanded across the world. Humans and Neanderthals also interbred with one another mixing the DNA of their offspring and some of this DNA from…

the sarcolemma are opened by the end plate threshold and then rush into the axon terminal. The calcium released from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasm reacts on troponin, which exposes the myosin-binding site. The myosin heads latch on to the actin exposing active binding site, which form cross bridges. This is a series of events during which the myosin heads pull thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere, resulting in the sliding of myofilaments (Marieb/Hoehn, 2014). This…

Twitch recruitment: As stimulus voltage increased contraction force increased until it plateaued at the stimulus voltage of 120 mV (Fig 1A) As stimulus voltage increased contraction force increased. (Fig 1B). Our results are consistent with the current knowledge of twitch recruitment in skeletal muscles. As the stimulus voltage increase, more motor units were activated increasing contraction force. Our results mean that that function organism’s skeletal muscles are able to recruit motor units to…

The human body has many unique attributes. What make the body function are organs that make up the body. Within those organs are cells that cause the organs to function. There’s a cell, which mainly hold the bones of the skeleton together, so we aren’t a puddle of mush. The muscle has amazing cells structures in the body. Because every part of our body acts as a working machine all organs of the body are equally significant. The skeletal muscle in the body is a very important portion of the…

The SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line was procured from National Centre for Cell Sciences, India and maintained in (DMEM) (Sigma Aldrich, USA) and Ham 's F12 nutrient mixture (F12) (Sigma Aldrich, USA) in 1:1 ratio. The medium was supplemented with 2 mmol L-glutamine (HiMedia, India), 10% (v/v) heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Hyclone Laboratories, Logan, UT) and 1% antibiotics (penicillin/streptomycin). Cells were cultured at 37 ºC in a humidified CO2 ¬incubator containing 5% CO2 and…

in this experiment was the AMY1A gene copy number (which was dependent upon the ancestral diet). This was obtained through pipetting a DNA sample into a well in a gel electrophoresis apparatus. After running the sample under UV light, the AMY1A and actin gene were measured with the use of the Bio-Rad Imaging Software. The dependent variable in this experiment was the salivary amylase concentration. The salivary amylase concentration was obtained through various procedures including, PCR…

filaments are two types of protein filaments that together form cylindrical structures called myofibrils which extend along the muscle. Thick filaments are formed from a group of proteins called myosin. Thin filaments are formed from three proteins called actin, troponin and tropomyosin. Muscle tissue is described in terms of units called sacromeres. These units are defined as overlapping groups of the thick and thin filaments. The length of a sacromere and the zones within each sacromere (H…