Acids

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) and Control Options AMD comes from the oxidation of sulphide minerals. It has the negative impact on the environment. Since it could affect the surface water, ground water quality and land used. This condition due to the low pH contains by the water (could reach up to 2), sulphate content (SO4), and metals content (Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, As, Cd). The principles for AMD formation should be understood to be able to manage the water. i. Waste containing reactive sulphide (S2-,…

Also, we used acidic indicator phenolphthalein to determine the end point of experiment when the color turns from colorless into red or pink. Potassium acid phthalate is our primary standard and this huge molecule has molecular mass equal to 204.2 g/mol. (KHC_8 H_4 O_4 ) and it has abbreviation as KHP. Also KHP is monoprotic and will react in a simple one to one ratio: NaOH(aq) + KHC_8 H_4 O_4 (aq) →KNaC_8…

In Experiment 12B we used an umpolung reagent in an umpolung synthesis to synthesize benzoin from benzaldehyde. Umpolung synthesis is a synthetic approach that allows us to switch the identity of a reacting species. For example, the normal chemical reactivity of a nucleophile can be switched to one of an electrophilic compound. Two common agents are cyanide and thiamine (Vitamin B). The mechanisms for both agents are the same. In this experiment, thiamine was used to turn benzaldehyde, an…

chemicals. I will explain how the class had gotten answer they did. And how they think it is right. The claim that will be explaining will be citric acid and baking soda. One of the first reasons that it is alike is when you turn the vial upside down it makes a does not stick to the sides of the vile. The same thing happens when you have citric acid and baking soda. When you shake the vial with the substance, it does not make a loud…

line with a pencil. Three spot were labeled A, B, and C. A sample of each standard was spotted on the analytical TLC plate approximately 1cm from the bottom of the plate. It was then enclosed in a jar filled with 2ml of 95% ethyl acetate- 5% acetic acid. (Another laboratory group conducted the same procedure but using 1:1 Hexanes: Ethyl Acetate as the developing solvent). After the TLC plate was developed until the solvent reached 1cm at its top; the plates were analyzed using UV light and the…

[mol/dm3] sulphuric acid was added to the flask, and shaken well with the stopper. The name of the members and the date was written on the flask, and was left for a week for the iron sulphate tablets to fully dissolve in the acid. After the tablets have fully dissolved, the whole solution was filtered using a filter paper and a funnel into a 100 [cm2] volumetric flask. The remaining residue in the filter paper was rinsed with a small amount of distilled water. Then, sulphuric acid was added to…

as central nervous system stimulant (British Pharmacopoeia 2009). • Methyl paraben was generously donated by Arab Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company. Methyl paraben is methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, prepared by the esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It occurs as colorless crystals or a white crystalline powder. It is odorless or almost odorless and has a slight burning taste (Rowe et al., 2009). Methyl paraben is very slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and…

(Representing the results obtained from the experiment) Known Acid HCl 1 mol dm-3 (± 0.100) Unknown Acid HCl 0.76 mol dm-3 (± 0.100) Highest Temperature (Time) 28.5 (190s) 28.6 (235s) Lowest Temperature (Time) 22.9 (55s) 22.9 (55s) Sample Calculation for the Unknown Concentration C1V1 = C2V2 1 (190 - 505) = C2 (235 - 505) 1 28.0 = C2 37.0 C2 = 2837 C2 = 0.760 mol dm-3 (±0.0500) Sample Calculation for the amount of mole in Unknown Acid Mole = Concentration Volume Mole = 0.760…

hetero-pairs in BLOCK (Plot A) follows similar pattern as Shannon Entropy Method (Plot C). Second, diversity profile for substitution by a given residue follows a characteristic pattern (plot B and D). Positional diversity changes when BLOCK undergoes amino acid substitutions. It is maximum when a position in BLOCK, has maximum and fixed occurrence of a residue (here V, first residue) followed by multiple copies of a second one (here I, second residue) with or without others. When other residues…

amount of oxalic acid in the sample solution. The analyte solution containing oxalic acid was added with sulfuric acid and heated prior to the titration with permanganate. The persistent pink color signaled the end of the titration. The amount of the oxalic acid in the solution was found to be 8.941%. The redox titration was precise in the quantification of oxalic acid with a standard deviation of 1.327%. Introduction One of the natural organic compounds found in plants is the oxalic acid. It…