Acid

Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to understand acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes through the formation of exo-norborneol from the reaction of Norborene with acid and the excess of water. Acid-catalyzed hydration is useful in removing double and triple bonds; an unsaturated compound becomes reduced to a saturated compound in the presence of the acid catalyst, or water for this experiment. Hydration of alkenes is the result of acid-catalyzed addition of water to a carbon-carbon…

experiment performed provided insight on the importance of acid-base interactions and the pH of solutions that are involved in a variety of aspects including industrial, environmental, and biological contexts. Back titration was used to determine the number of moles of HCl acid that were neutralized by a single tablet of several variations of commercial antacids. In theory, the antacid that neutralized the largest number of moles of acid was found to be the most effective. The results attained…

Concentration of Acetic Acid in Vinegar Nalebra Barnett, AAHCA, BSHA University of Central Oklahoma General Chemistry II Lab March 28, 2017 Dr. Lane Whitesell Lab 12. Concentration of Acetic Acid in Vinegar. This laboratory is to determine the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar using molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar. This means, vinegar is a crucial solution of acetic acid (HC2H302) in water. Molarity (in mole/L), or mass percent expressed the…

for both microassays and standard solutions. The analysis provides a linear response with concentrations of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) from 1 to 140 microliters. The reagent used was the combination of Bradford Reagent-Brilliant Blue G in phosphoric acid and methanol. The dye molecule is mostly deprotonated and converted on the process to a reddish colored species that have the potential to bind to other proteins. Once this red colored species bind to a protein the bound dye molecule transforms…

Ethanol, PMS, l-ascorbic acid 1. The superoxide radicals is generated in 3 ml of TrisHCl buffer (16 mM, pH 8.0) containing 1 ml of NBT (50 μM), 1 ml NADH (78 μM) and ethanol extract of sample (25 – 50 μg). 2. The reaction was started by adding 1 ml of PMS solution (10 μM) to the mixture. 3. The reaction mixture was incubated at 25° C for 5 min, the absorbance was read at 560 nm using a spectrophotometer (Schimadzu UV-Vis 1700) against blank samples using l- ascorbic acid as a control. 4.…

reagents were used? 2. What techniques were used to purify and identify the product of the reaction? 3. Describe acid-base extraction and how it was being used in this experiment? 4. Describe recrystallization and how it was being used in this experiment? 5. Describe mixed melting point and how it was being used in this experiment? 6. What was the identity of the unknown acid? 7. What yield and percent yield were obtained? 8. What percent recovery was obtained from recrystallization? 9…

1.10. Uses of Lactic acid Lactic acid and some of its derivatives (salts and esters) are used in three main applications: foods, polymers, and industrial. Figure 2: Uses of lactic acid [22] 1.10.1. Food The food industry is the traditional large consumer of lactic acid and lactate salts. It is mainly used as an acidulant and preservative. Lactic acid has a mild acid taste and does not overpower weaker aromatic flavors. Since it occurs naturally, it does not introduce a foreign element into…

Can you imagine a world with damaged ecosystems beyond return? “Acid rain is rain polluted by gases released in the air, by the burning of fossil fuels, like coal or oil.” In order to produce electricity, the former country of East Germany burned brown coal. This coal when burned releases sulfur dioxide into the air that then mixes with the air’s moisture. (Document A) As a result, when it rains, the rain is polluted with carbon dioxide. (Background Essay) However Germany’s actions had…

Abstract The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, is central to the formation of usable energy forms in cells. This essay will give detail on how this is achieved and the cycle’s links to other metabolic pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation. It will also explore how the cycle functions in anabolic and catabolic forms while replenishing used intermediates before examining how the cycle is regulated. Introduction The citric acid cycle being named…

25 M Hydrochloric Acid Abstract The aim of the study was to standardise a solution of hydrochloric acid with an approximate concentration of 2.5 M against sodium carbonate solution. The main steps of this experiment were preparing the sodium carbonate solution, transferring the solution into a conical flask by using a pipette, adding the bromophenol blue indicator and titrating with hydrochloric acid until the first green colour appeared. The concentration of hydrochloric acid was found to be…