Acid-base chemistry

Acid, below-normal pH, causes many problems in our world today—from drinks to teeth, from pollution of industry to natural disasters. Acid is a chemical substance that can subdue alkalis, can dissolve specific metals and can turn them into salt, such as calcium, turns red on blue litmus paper, is corrosive or sour-tasting when it comes to liquid, generates pain in wounds, and turns colorless when placed in phenolphthalein which is used as a basic to acid indicator ("Definition of acid in…

Hydrochloric acid is a clear is a highly corrosive, strong mineral acid with many industrial uses. Major production started in the Industrial Revolution, hydrochloric acid is used in the chemical industry as a chemical reagent in the large-scale production of PVC plastic, and MDI/TDI for polyurethane. It has numerous smaller-scale applications, including household cleaning, production of gelatine and other food additives, descaling, and leather processing. About 20 million tonnes of hydrochloric…

treated with strong base like –OET and then the reactants are refluxed then they produces a β-keto ester via several steps. In this case also the last step is most important because it helps to drive the equilibrium of every step in the forward direction. For undergoing this reaction an ester has to have at least two α-hydrogens. If it has not then Ph3C- has to be used as base at the first stage. The mechanism is given below.  Reactions of Carboxylic acids – Carboxylic acids also undergo…

of benzoic acid. Benzoic acid is a carboxylic acid and this has been established in the 16th century. The molecular structure of benzoic acid can be seen in the following figure. Figure 1 – Molecular Structure Benzoic acid is used to prepare esters with the very high boiling points and is used as plasticisers. Plasticisers are compounds that are added to plastics to make it softer and more user friendly at low temperatures. Some of benzoic acid esters…

The learning assistants for Professor Bahde’s Organic Chemistry I class, Allyson Dang and I, wanted to give the students a problem to work on involving a reaction mechanism. The students in that class have been struggling in many areas of the subject, but the main issue they have is drawing out reaction mechanisms. Knowing how to draw out reaction mechanisms is one of the most, if not the most important part of organic chemistry. When theoretically reacting molecules, one must know not only…

Throughout this acid, base and buffer lab, this will allow each individual to gain an enhanced sense of knowledge of how these different aqueous solutions work as a buffer system or how they are unable to perform as buffer system mixed with two solutions together. This can be identified through the colour change to measure pH behaviour in several aqueous solutions, therefore the different factors that will cause the change of pH. This will gain understanding of how this relates to the biological…

INTRODUCTION 1.1What is an acid-base titration? An acid –base titration is the determination of the concentration of an acid or base by neutralizing the acid or base with an acid or base of known concentration. An acid-base titration is the analysis of the concentration of acids and bases; through this process an acid or base of known concentration neutralizes an acid or base of unknown concentration. The neutralization of an acid or base in acid-base titration can be measured with either a…

reaction and see how different properties - such as concentration and temperature - affect the reaction rate. This was to enhance understanding and gain knowledge of how certain properties affect reaction mechanisms and activation energies, and how acid-base equilibria behaves. The data generally supported the hypothesis. It can be clearly seen that higher molarities of t-BuCl gave faster reaction rates, and it is an even clearer trend between the temperature of the system and the reaction…

Starting out, there was a mixture of an unknown acid, base, and neutral component. Just like the process outlined in the introduction, a solvent would be added to the solution containing the acid, base, and neutral unknown mixture. This solvent must have specific characteristics regarding solubility such that it dissolves the substance desired to be extracted while not dissolving or dissolving in only small portions the other substance not wanted purified out. It should also be easy to separate…

by going to the periodic table finding each mass of each element in the compound then adding them all up based on how many of those elements are in the compound. 2.Define a mole in chemistry and give 3 examples equivalent units that are used in chemical calculations. Mole is considered the unit for amount in chemistry other units that are equivalent are atoms, formula units, and molecules. Gas Laws 3.How is the combined gas law used to calculate differences in pressure, temperature and/or volume…