Acetylcholine

CELL SIGNALING AND CELL TRANSDUCTION INTRODUCTION: In this lecture, we will study about cell signaling and signal transduction. Each cell in a multicellular animal is bombarded with chemical signals that are made by other cells and this is how communication occurs at cells level by different signaling molecule. Signals that regulate cell metabolism, alter or maintain its differentiated state, determine whether it should divide, and dictate whether it will live or die. The word “signals” in…

precedes atherosclerotic CAD and is characterized by impaired vasodilation, increased adhesion molecules, and increased thrombosis risk.8 This occurs when there is a lack of response of certain chemical messengers produced by the endothelium to acetylcholine; the most notable change is a diminished nitric oxide vasodilatory response.5 As a powerful vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet adhesion, nitric oxide has the important function of protecting the endothelium.5,8 Following endothelial…

This section introduces the background of gene therapy in Parkinson’s Disease, especially on brain cells targeting therapy. It provides the rationale for further proposal of brain cell targeted PD therapy based on Ultrasound-meditated microbubble delivered AAV vector or RNAi. 1.Parkinson’s Disease, a common CNS disorder with no adequate treatment in pharmacological approaches Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, central nervous system (CNS) disorder, belonging to a group of conditions…

The nervous system makes it possible for animals to know and react to the environment around them. A change or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue is a stimulus. There can either be an internal or an external stimulus. Internal stimulus being something like hunger or pain, while external is more along the lines of a sound or an odor. The nervous system interprets stimuli and orders other organ systems to respond. The nervous system does so through using sensory…

INTRODUCTION About 2400 years BC, Hippocrates advised: “Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food” (Rishi 2006). Herbal medicines are used as a method of diseases treatment all over the world, especially in some countries like Iran. Advantages, such as less adverse effects, therapeutic efficacy, and lower final prices, make them a good alternative source for synthetic drugs. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are the most common drugs used to treat joint, bone, and muscle…

Man has used biological weapons such as poisons for assassinating enemies for hundreds of years. Since the beginning of time, biological warfare has been a preferred method to annihilate populations at a time. Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is described as using biological agents like bacteria, viruses and fungi as biological weapons on a large scale to defeat the enemy. The main intention of such is to cause casualties by the medium of air, water, cattle or crops. The history…

grown in recent years, spores get into wounds and then toxin is produced (3,3). In all types of botulism respiratory and muscle paralysis can happen without treatment (5,1). This happens because “botulinum keeps the nerve endings from releasing acetylcholine. As a result, the muscle doesn't move…

Overview of The Myocyte The myocyte is composed of various protein filaments that comprise the contractile apparatus of the cardiac cell. Myofibrils, a collection of individual sarcomeres, enable contraction and relaxation of the myocyte. The sarcomere is the chief contractile unit of the cell. It is made up of two main proteins, myosin (thick filament) and actin (thin filament), as well as two regulatory proteins, tropomyosin and troponin. In order for the myocyte to contract and shorten it…

The Sizes of food are the same in High schools as they are in elementary and middle schools due to a “Health code” that dictates or highlights the fact the average student is “Too Big.” In West Virginia, high schools, the portions of food are inadequate, also, the size or quality must include bigger and better amounts and not the same or equal to that of the food present in elementary or middle schools. Doing so can harm or affect an individual’s thinking and ability to act while learning.…

A Comprehensive Research Analysis of Alzheimer’s Disease Zachary Thomas Abnormal Psychology (Psy 341-1004) Dr. Robert Kutner November 20, 2014 To most people, just the thought of the aging process causes much distress and worry. Those feelings of dread will be reinforced, when researching a particular disease. This disease causes the individual to lose their mind. "Described as a clinicopathological state literally meaning the ‘loss of the ability to think. (Shan, 2012)" It is called…