Acetyl

In this experiment, a Grignard reagent, phenylmagnesium bromide, reacted with a ketone, acetophenone, to produce 1,1-diphenylethanol. The experimental product was relatively pure as its melting point was determined to be between 78 and 80.7°C. The value from literature suggests that the melting point is between 78 and 82°C (chemspider.com). However, the percent yield for this experiment was not very high, at only 57 percent. The low yield for this lab was most likely due to the low…

characteristic of the culture of S. pneumonia is a small smooth colony with alpha hemolysis. S. pneumoniae pathogenic strain forms large polysaccharides capsules and their cell wall is a common peptidoglycan layer. The peptidoglycan layer has a backbone of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acids that are present in both Gram positive…

Phospholipids Phospholipids are a kind of lipid that are well suited to both their biochemical and physiological function. They comprise of a glycerol backbone with a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails. The tails are hydrophobic, meaning that they do not interact with water. When a group of phospholipids come into contact with water they arrange themselves in a bilayer that hides the hydrophobic parts from the aqueous surroundings. This leaves the head of the phospholipid in contact with…

anhydride to promote peptide formation with the primary amine. The mechanism is nucleophilic addition-elimination, the lone pair on N of 4-aminophenol acts as a nucleophile. This nucleophile attacks a carbon in acetic anhydride, it takes one of the two acetyl groups in acetic anhydride. The resulting compounds are 1 mol paracetamol and 1 mol acetic acid as a by-product. Paracetamol is the main product that is selectively produced because –NH2 is a better nucleophile than –OH. This can be…

Glucosamine and chondroitin are two substances that occur naturally inside the body. Glucosamine, also known as N-acetyl glucosamine, glucosamine hydrochloride, and glucosamine sulfate, helps repair and regenerate the cartilages that have been damaged from trauma or injury. Glucosamine is needed by the body to help form new cartilages and other bones tissues. But, as you begin to age, your body slowly produces lesser Glucosamine thus making you susceptible to trauma and injuries resulting to…

increase of Citrate in Mitochondria. Simultaneously, during the fed phase with high-carb and high sugar diet, insulin hormone also elevate significantly and induce citrate lysase enzyme to split citrate into oxaloacetate and acetyl coA. Acetyl coA carboxylate enzyme combine acetyl coA with carbon dioxide to produce malonyl-coA. Malonyl-coA will undergo a serial reaction of fatty acid elongation until palmitoyl coA is formed. This fatty acyl coA is subsequently hydrolyzed into palmitate. After…

The laws of heredity discovered by G. Mendel are similar for all complex life creatures and he concluded that genes come in pairs one from each parent inherited as distinct units. Also, the mathematical patterns of inheritance as well as genes segregation and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits were determined during his genetic experiments with pea plants and outlined three laws oh inheritance. First, the Law of Dominance is expressed where one allele dominates…

INTRODUCTION The modern view of COPD suggests that this - a progressive disease characterized by an inflammatory component, bronchial obstruction and structural changes in the lung tissue. And a significant role in the pathogenesis plays a variation of the immune reactivity. It is known that activation of immune reactions in COPD mediated effects on molecular cell systems a wide range of mediators, primarily cytokines that regulate the immune reactivity of the organism. [1] Established that…

Enzymes are found in all living organisms. They are present to speed up or accelerate a chemical reaction; referred to as a catalyst in a chemical reaction. They are essential to obtain rates to sustain life as without enzymes rates would be too slow to provide for life. Molecules at the start of the process are called substrates, the enzyme will then convert these into changed molecules which are called products, after this process the enzymes maintains the same shape. (Berg et al. 2002).…

The hypothesis in the beginning of this experiment was that various carbohydrates have different rates of respiration by a yeast culture raised on glucose. The differences in time for respiration to peak for the other sugars were due to enzyme regulation called induction. This is the time required for the glucose fed yeast culture to alter its enzymatic machinery to process sugars other than glucose for oxidative respiration. The different rates of respiration for each sugar was measured by the…