Acetyl

This research study looked at the role of lipogenesis in sepsis. Sepsis is a very serious condition in which a pathogen, bacterial, viral, or fungal, invades the bloodstream and triggers a high inflammatory response by the immune system. The body is unable to remove the pathogen which causes an overproduction of cytokines eventually leading to organ injury and death. As the third leading cause of death in the United States, Australia, and Asia, it is important to develop a treatment for sepsis.¹…

Glucosamine is an amino sugar that is produced naturally in humans to make cartilage, the tissue that cushions the joints. In normal joints, cartilage provides a protective jacket that covers the end of each bone which in return provides a smooth, gliding surface for joint motion and acts as a buffer between the bones. When the surface layer of cartilage between the bone of a joint is worn down you more than likely will be diagnosed with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is also known as…

Each time the Citric Acid Cycle is completed, 2 carbon molecules enter in the form of Acetyl CoA and those molecules exit entirely oxidized. Stage 2 Recap: We now have 2 oxidized 2 carbon molecules, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6 ATP (2 from stage 1 and 4 from stage 2) and CO2. From here the products will continue onto Stage 3, the Electron Transport…

tissues. The pancreas cannot increase production of insulin to compensate for the need and therefore, the insulin activity is deficient. Resistance to insulin deficiency results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Very often the acetyl-CoA in a type 2 patient becomes cholesterol, raising these levels and creating a high risk of coronary disease. Due to excessive blood glucose and insulin deficiency, osmotic diuresis leading to marked urinary losses of water and electrolytes…

deactivating group. Carboxylic acid pulls electrons from the benzene ring acting as a withdrawing group which causes a slower reaction with the increase of stability and decrease in reactivity due to resonance. The electrophile is formed from acetyl chloride once the aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) is added hence, forming the carbocation and the Tetrachloroaluminate (AlCl4 -). Anisole captures the carbocation which forms resonance of the newly formed carbocation within the benzene ring. The…

Many patients that undergo vascular interventions such as angiographies, stent or inferior vena cava filter placement that require radiographic imaging are at risk for contrast media induced nephropathy. This risk increases with age and with several comorbid conditions. Many aspects that can influence whether a patient may become affected by the contrast are noted in Pisanai et. al, in table 1. They are noted as “preexisting renal failure, diabetes, effective blood volume depletion,…

Insulin is the body’s main way to lower the blood glucose levels when they get to high. When the blood glucose levels get to low the hormone glycogen is produced. They both come from the pancreas but insulin also helps glucose get transported into the cells (Quesada et al., 2008). The body uses glucose as a primary source of energy through a variety of metabolic reactions. Glucose is a sugar that gets broken down through glycolysis into ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) inside of the cell (Stanfield,…

Some of this excess pyruvate will get converted into Acetyl CoA that can flow into the TCA cycle, but not all of it will be utilized. The remaining Acetyl CoA not used in the TCA cycle will flow back into the cytosol and serve as a substrate for fatty acid synthesis. If an individual is continuously producing excess Acetyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis, they will develop an accumulation of lipids leading to hyperlipidemia. What are some…

protein transfer the acetyl moiety from acetyl co-enzyme A (CoA) to lysines while histone acetylation is the direct opposite process whereby acetyl groups are removed from lysines. These two processes play an extremely important role in the transcription regulation of cells. This is due to the fact that DNA is wrapped around histones, and, by transferring or removing an acetyl group to histones, genes can be turned on and off [2,3]. Histone acetyl-transferases (HATs) add acetyl groups to lysine…

Endocrine disrupters are chemicals that may interfere with the bodies endocrine system and produce adverse development, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects in both humans and wild life. These disrupters can mimic natural occurring hormones in the body like estrogens, androgens, and thyroid hormones. They can bind to the receptor within a cell and block the hormone from binding and altering the natural production of hormones. One of the most commonly studied endocrine disrupters is…