Acetyl

Lipid Digestion: Absorption and Transport of Lipids Lipid digestion occurs primarily in the small intestine though a small amount of lipids are broken down in the stomach. Special enzymes called lipases breakdown triglycerides the most abundant lipids in the diet and phospholipids. Lingual lipase secreted by glands in the tongue and gastric lipase secreted by gastric chief cells hydrolyze a small amount of triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides. As chyme enters the duodenum from the…

“After trying Atkins and doing Nutrisystem a few times, now I 'm just focused on maintaining a healthy lifestyle rather than dieting,” says Miranda Lambert (Miranda Lambert Quotes, n.d.). The well-known country singer couldn’t be anymore right. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is more effective than turning to dietary supplements that can harm the human body. People in need of losing weight should choose eating healthily and increased activity over supplemental (loose-weight-quick) diets when…

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease in which the body’s own immune system erroneously attacks the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans located in the pancreas that produce insulin, resulting in a high level of glucose in the blood. Insulin is needed to transport blood glucose (sugar) into cells. The sugar is then stored in the cells and used later for energy. “In these duties, insulin acts as a regulator of gene transcription” (Cox, 688). When beta cells produce too little or,…

the Glycolysis byproducts, pyruvates, to create 2 ATPS per glucose molecule plus some energy. First one of the pyruvate is oxidized by combining with an oxygen. Remember pyruvates are rich in carbon! Now that 2 pyruvates are left, it creates COA, acetyl coenzyme A, which create another 2 molecules of NADH. Each pyruvate creates 3 NADH and 1 FADH per cycle and since pyruvates come from glucose and glucose through the process of glycolysis creates 2 pyruvates, then 6 NADH and 2 FADH are…

p53, activate SIRT-1, a protein that catalyzes NAD- dependent deacetylation (Rahman, 2011). When SIRT-1 is activated, facilitates the survival of cells through long stages of stress. MicroRNA-34a attaches to SIRT-1 to increment p53 action and move acetyl to different molecules. As this mechanism occurs, it allows to increase and intensify p53 stabilization which would have allowed the cell to be protected with the positive feedback loop. This provides the cell a better living environment where…

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triglycerides vary, but most contain 16, 18, or 20 carbon atoms. Natural fatty acids found in plants and animals are typically composed of only even numbers of carbon atoms, reflecting the pathway for their biosynthesis from the two-carbon building-block acetyl CoA. Bacteria, however, possess the ability to synthesize odd- and branched-chain fatty acids. As a result, ruminant animal fat contains odd-number of fatty acids, such as 15, due to this action of bacteria in the…

detoxification role is with alcohol, which is a stable in many diets. Wine at dinner is only possible due to the liver producing an enzyme aptly named alcohol dehydrogenase. This enzyme has the wonderful ability to safely transform toxic ethanol into a safe acetyl radicals and hydrogen atoms that don’t harm the body. Alcohol is not the only…

Clostridium tetani is a bacillus, or rod-shaped bacteria responsible for the often-fatal disease tetanus. The word tetanus originated from the Greek word tetanos, which means to ‘stretch’. It is a Gram-positive bacterium and often appears to be shaped like a tennis racket, drumstick, or club when stained. This unusual appearance is the result of sporulation that occurs within the cell. C. tetani is an obligate anaerobe and relies solely on fermentation. Since it is an obligate anaerobe, this…

Neurons are stimulated when they release acetylcholine and transmit a message to the next neuron (Waymire, n.d.). However, in order for a neuron to return to its initial, unstimulated state, the acetylcholine in its receptor must be broken down into acetyl and choline. Cholinesterase is the chief enzyme that is responsible for the reduction of acetylcholine (Waymire, n.d.). Because cholinesterase is inhibited upon the application of carbaryl, acetylcholine is prevented…