Acetic acid

Introduction: Acids and bases are often described using the Bronsted-Lowry theory which states that acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors (Thorne, 78). This means that an acid has additional H+ ion(s) that can be given, whereas a base lacks these ions and will accept them. Acids and bases can further classified as strong or weak. A weak acid, such as HF, will not ionize completely, meaning that only some of the H+ ions will be lost. A strong acid will however, will release…

aspirin Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, is an aromatic compound containing both a carboxylic acid functional group and an ester functional group. Aspirin, being a monoprotic weak acid, is only slightly soluble in water and it can be prepared by reacting salicylic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of an acid catalyst. 1.2: History of aspirin Aspirin was first produced about 110 years ago but the natural form, salicylic acid, found in plants (i.e. the willow and myrtle)…

Section Two - Oral Liquid Formulations (1) Characteristics of Suspensions: The oral liquid dosage form chosen to formulate was that of a suspension. Given the criteria of Drug Y it was thought best to formulate the drug as a suspension. Suspensions can be defined as ''a class of materials in which one phase, a solid, is dispersed in a second phase, generally a liquid.'' (1) There are many characteristics of suspensions that are relevant when formulating such a dosage form. They are as follows;…

(Representing the results obtained from the experiment) Known Acid HCl 1 mol dm-3 (± 0.100) Unknown Acid HCl 0.76 mol dm-3 (± 0.100) Highest Temperature (Time) 28.5 (190s) 28.6 (235s) Lowest Temperature (Time) 22.9 (55s) 22.9 (55s) Sample Calculation for the Unknown Concentration C1V1 = C2V2 1 (190 - 505) = C2 (235 - 505) 1 28.0 = C2 37.0 C2 = 2837 C2 = 0.760 mol dm-3 (±0.0500) Sample Calculation for the amount of mole in Unknown Acid Mole = Concentration Volume Mole = 0.760…

as central nervous system stimulant (British Pharmacopoeia 2009). • Methyl paraben was generously donated by Arab Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company. Methyl paraben is methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, prepared by the esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It occurs as colorless crystals or a white crystalline powder. It is odorless or almost odorless and has a slight burning taste (Rowe et al., 2009). Methyl paraben is very slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and…

2.4 IL-DLLME procedures For IL-DLLME under optimum conditions, 10 mL of the sample solution containing Cd2+ or Ni2+ and PAN (10−5mol L−1) was adjusted to pH in a glass test tube with a conical bottom test tube. Using a microsyringe, the mixture of the extraction solvent ([Hmim][PF6]) and disperser solvent (acetonitrile) was rapidly injected into the previously mentioned aqueous sample. A cloudy solution (water, acetonitrile and [Hmim][PF6] ) was formed in the test tube. The ions reacted with…

The main principle of manufacture of urea has two main reactions. 2NH3 + CO2 NH2COONH4 -37.4 Kcal/mol NH2COONH4 NH2CONH2 + H2O + 6.3 Kcal/mol While going main reactions, the undesirable side reaction taking place is 2NH2CONH2 NH2CONHCONH2 (Biuret) + NH3 This process is further complicated by the formation of a substance called biuret, NH2CONHCONH2, which should be kept low because it adversely affects the growth…

[mol/dm3] sulphuric acid was added to the flask, and shaken well with the stopper. The name of the members and the date was written on the flask, and was left for a week for the iron sulphate tablets to fully dissolve in the acid. After the tablets have fully dissolved, the whole solution was filtered using a filter paper and a funnel into a 100 [cm2] volumetric flask. The remaining residue in the filter paper was rinsed with a small amount of distilled water. Then, sulphuric acid was added to…

In this experiment, a Grignard reagent, phenylmagnesium bromide, reacted with a ketone, acetophenone, to produce 1,1-diphenylethanol. The experimental product was relatively pure as its melting point was determined to be between 78 and 80.7°C. The value from literature suggests that the melting point is between 78 and 82°C (chemspider.com). However, the percent yield for this experiment was not very high, at only 57 percent. The low yield for this lab was most likely due to the low…

recorded. Each Alka Seltzer contains the same three ingredients: 325 mg of Aspirin, 1000 mg of Citric Acid, and 1916 mg of Sodium Bicarbonate. Two of Alka Seltzer’s ingredients, Citric Acid and Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda), were both placed into a beaker to see if both contents could cause a potential reaction. The final result was a non- occurring reaction. For a second test, both the Citric Acid and Sodium Bicarbonate were placed into separate, dry beakers. Afterwards,…