Acetic acid

Draw resonance structures showing all the positions at which the positive charge is delocalized on the aromatic ring in the phenonium ion. If a methoxy group (-OCH3) or a nitro group (–NO2) were substituted in the 4-position on the aromatic ring, how would the stability of the phenonium ion change? Compare methoxy substituted, nitro substituted and unsubstituted, and order them by increasing stability. Explain your answer thoroughly. 2) Benzopinacol and benzopinacolone have nearly…

Saponification is a method used in treating a neutral fat with alkali, breaking it down to glycerol and fatty acids. The saponification value or saponification number is the amount of alkali needed to saponify the given quantity of fat or oil, expressed as mg potassium hydroxide to saponify 1 g of the sample. In this experiment, the researchers used chemicals such as ethanol, hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium hydroxide (KOH) and phenolphthalein indicator. Laboratory Apparatuses and Equipment…

Introduction: According to Drugs.com, “Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It works by reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body.” This includes conditions such as headaches, painful menstrual periods, toothaches, back pain, dental pain, migraines, arthritis and any minor injuries. Ibuprofen is also used to treat and reduce fever as well and is typically administered to individuals, both adults and children ages 6 months and older. Ibuprofen has been…

determination of the pH of a buffer solution and the pKa for of a weak acid Introduction A practical was carried out to show how the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation works and to apply and hone the skills of pipetting, buffer-making, pH-meter use and graphing. The primary goal of the practical was to determine the pKa value of a weak acid. The Ka is an acid dissociation constant, it is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution. The pKa is defined as the negative log of the…

ENVM COMPREHENSIVE EXAM RISK MANAGEMENT 10/19/17 NAME: Sheetal M Patel STUDENT NUMBER: 540249 ENVM 665 Risk Management: Question 1 What are the two major general types of chemical sources that result in human exposure to those chemicals and provide a simplified “total” human exposure model showing the pathways that determine the total human dose from those chemicals. The total Human exposure model Source: http://exposurescience.org/a-total-human-exposure-model-them Chemical sources Lead…

nature, it was possible to utilize it as an acid catalyst for the dehydration reaction.4 The use of Montmorillonite K10 is an excellent example of green chemistry as it not only shows the use of catalysts to increase efficiency but also displays a less hazardous form of chemical synthesis. The cyclohexene collected from the first experiment served as the starting material for the next reaction of the cycle in which, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydrobromic acid (HBr) were combined to generate…

Posttreatment of anaerobically treated DWW by aerobic activated sludge using SBR and membrane UF was investigated. The aim of this study was to reduce the organic loading (COD and BOD), nutrients (TKN, NO2, NO3 and TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) of anaerobically treated DWW effluent first by the activated sludge system using SBR and further treated by ceramic tubular membrane UF separately to investigate the possibility of the reusing the effluent for different purposes depending on the…

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Extraction using Different Solvents The grounded Ixora coccinea and Beta vulgaris plant samples were extracted using the following solvents: Acetone, ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate. The absorbance was noted to select the best choice of solvent for extraction. Inference Acetone, ethanol and methanol showed higher values. But, the dye extracted from acetone and ethanol did not fix to the fabric properly. So, methanol was selected as solvent for…

1-pyrenehexanoic acid was used as the 5-carbon linker and fluorescent component of the target molecule "PYRET-5". This molecule was purchased pure along with the sugar Trehalose, the molecule to which the pyrene was to be attached. Other reactants and solvents include HATU, HBTU, N, N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), sodium azide, Dimethylformamide (DMF), and Diphenyl phosphoryl chloride and were bought pure or used as received. All reactions were run at room temperature (298.15 K) and standard…

6. The first step in metabolism of ethanol in humans is the oxidation of ethanol to acetyldehyde by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). At 298 K and pH=7.0, ethanol is incubated with ADH and the concentration of ethanol and acetyldehydee is measured over time. a. Using the results above, calculate the standard free energy change (ΔGº’) for this reaction. Explain your calculations. The standard free energy change can be expressed through the formula ΔGº’=-R(gas constant) T(temp in Kelvin)…