B. Wind Energy 1. Introduction South Dakota has enormous potential for wind energy development. Due to the fact that South Dakota with it great plains are an ideal site for wind farms since the plains have smooth hill tops that can catch prevailing winds. This is why South Dakota ranks sixth in the United States for potential in generating more electricity from wind. As of today South Dakota produces 26 percent of their electricity from wind. We have the potential to double this amount if…
across the membrane ~ the distance travelled – this places an upper limit on cell size and functions as a resistance factor; distance travelled is indirectly proportional to the rate of diffusion ~ temperature – higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of the molecules, therefore increasing…
important to give a brief introduction of the concept of energy to then fathom the topics of thermodynamics, entropy, and enthalpy, and their relation to biology. Energy is a seemingly intuitive…
The analysis of turbines is no easy feat to accomplish. With an ever expanding need to generate efficient energy, a way to increase efficiency is to find ways to improve turbine technology. The best way to analyze different turbine set ups is the usage of a turbine test rig. There are multitudes of types of these rigs with reasons for and against them. These rigs are incredibly expensive to build and keep up. But they provide vital information about turbine performance and enable the improvement…
Waves are disturbances that transfer energy from one place to another without transferring the particles of a medium. Some waves must travel through matter, known as the medium (mechanical waves). And when they travel through the medium they cause the particles to vibrate. Some types of mechanical waves are sound waves and ocean waves. Electromagnetic waves, on the other hand, are waves that do not need to travel through a medium. They are disturbances in both the electric and magnetic fields.…
I.1- INTRODUCTION: Conformational analysis is the study of the energy change, a molecule undergoes, as it rotates about one or more single bonds. The conformations of a molecule are those arrangements in space of the atoms which are not superimposeable upon each other. The basic idea behind conformational analysis is that molecules will have certain physical and chemical and thermodynamic properties that are dependent on the preferred conformations. in the modern chemistry, where it can…
The Sun is the source of most of the energy that drives the life in the world around us in oceans, organic life, and in the atmosphere. It’s one of the most important processes to humanity as it provides various elements that are essential to human survival, such as photosynthesis, the water cycle, and light. However, the Sun isn't all righteous due to various factors that contribute to the Sun being damaging to organisms on Earth. To understand more about why the Sun can be harmful one must…
There are many definitions of thermal comfort, which depends on the aims and expectations of those who defined it (Chappells, and Shove, 2004). Jiao (2010) stated that, the rate at which human body gain and lose energy, and also the state of comfort is satisfactory once all heat flow in and out of the body are in equilibrium. Also, (ASHRAE 2004), described it as “the state of mind that expresses satisfaction with the surrounding environment.” This definition highlights subjective and…
Most individuals with even the most rudimentary knowledge of science have probably heard of x-rays and gamma radiation. Very few however, will be able to tell you where these forms of radiation come from. The answer: Pulsars. Pulsars, or neutron stars, are physics sandboxes that provide extreme conditions for humans to experiment with which are not readily available on Earth. Due to this usefulness, the discovery and research of these phenomena should be of the utmost importance. These neutron…
Nanofluids: 8 3.1 Heat transfer Intensification 8 3.2 Electronic Applications 8 3.3 Transportation 10 3.4 Industrial cooling applications 11 3.5 Heating buildings and reducing pollution 11 3.6 Nuclear systems cooling 12 3.7 Space and Defense 12 3.8 Mass transfer enhancement 12 4. Energy applications: 13 4.1 Energy storage 13 4.2 Solar absorption 14 4.3 Friction reduction 14…