16S ribosomal RNA

1. Where and when was the first case of Zika virus infection reported? (10 pts) In 1947 Zika virus was first isolated from a monkey coming from the Zika forest in Uganda1. In 1952 first human infections were reported in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania1. Reference [1] The History of Zika Virus." World Health Organization. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2016. 2. What are the common symptoms of Zika virus infection (Zika virus disease)? (10 pts) When a person is infected…

Epigenetics is the modification of the genome to regulate gene expression. This process is achieved through a variety of different mechanisms including but not limited to, chromatin condensation, acetylation modification, and methylation modification. Gene expression can also be altered through a number of non-epigenetic mechanisms, such as environmental factors, like temperature, and the introduction of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) into the environment. The level of chromatin…

percent of cancers were due to random mistakes, 29 percent were due to environmental factors or people’s lifestyles, and 5 percent (5%) due to inherited mutations [2] The transcription of a gene begins with transcription elements, mostly protein and RNAs, binding to regulatory sites on DNA. The frequency of this binding affects the level of expression. Experiments have verified that a stronger binding site will increase the effect of a protein on transcription rate. On the other hand, since the…

Figure 5. Rosiglitazone (highlighted in green) forms three salt bridges with neighboring atoms at the hydrophilic end of the LBD. Rosiglitazone binding to PPARγ causes a conformational change within the complex that causes the dissociation of the endogenous ligand and the recruitment of a nuclear receptor coactivator 2, NCoA-2. This similarly occurs in the other half of the complex: RXRα Receptor A type II nuclear receptor as well, RXR-α heterodimerizes with PPARγ. The ligand that…

1) The major difference between these two is that the RNA viruses have RNA in their genome while the DNA viruses have DNA in their genome. Both the DNA and RNA cannot be found in the same virus. RNA virus first adsorbs to the host cell surface. Then the attached virus fuses with the endosome membrane. Unlike RNA viruses, DNA viruses pass their DNA into the nucleus of the host cell and not into the cytoplasm of the host cell. 2) Lysis: refers to the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often…

Journal Article Assignment Name: Elaine Lieu ID: 20624252 Section: 112 TA: Jocelyn Chan Cell Bio Bites Topic: Ribosomal Function and Ricin – Why is this product of castor beans so lethal? Define the key terms (scientific words) in your own words. (notes or textbook can be used as sources) Ricin toxin A (RTA) → toxic protein from seeds of castor plants. Subunit A depurinates adenine in cells Mutants → The process of a gene or chromosome being altered Apoptosis → cell suicide Cell signaling…

principle that nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, are negatively charged. This means that if you put nucleic acids in an electric field, they will migrate away from the negative end of the field and toward the positive end. The nucleic acids are placed inside the gel for two main reasons. One, the gel is a way of holding them to know where they are. Two, the migration needs to occur in a manner that allows for the separation of different-sized pieces of DNA or RNA. The gel has many microscopic…

DNA is an important molecule for life. It is much like a manual telling the instructions of how bodies develop and function. DNA is the acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid. What is DNA made of? DNA is a molecule of nucleotides, such as adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. They are shown by their first letter: A- Adenine T- Thymine C- Cytosine G- Guanine The backbone that holds the nucleotides are called phosphate and deoxyribose. The nucleotides are known as bases. Human body has about 210…

increased gene expression level or gene function. DS presents altered pattern of DNA methylation in genes in two or three copies with functional differences in gene expression. Studies show trisomy 21 results in altered expression of microRNAs (noncoding RNA involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation, possibly result in abnormal expression of specific proteins and contribute to the DS phenotype. Phenotypes vary, but dysfiguration of physical features and ability to learn are observed in…

The objective of the first problem summary assignment was to compose an essay illustrating the impact of non-coding on gene expression, utilize primary articles to discuss the role of specific non-coding RNA molecules in the transcriptome, and examine the implications of current study on future research. In order to accomplish this, I analyzed and summarized the primary research article by Chen et al., which discussed the role of Malat1 in cellular proliferation and differentiation. Once I…