文法第２回

Front 1

Used when the preceeding part of the sentence leads to something the will surely happen, or to express the speakers iron will. Similar to English slang “and that’s it, ~”
I.e. The vice-president loves karaoke, and once he gets the mic that’s the end, there’s no way he’ll pass it to anyone else.
This ends here, I’m not letting you leave until I get a good answer.
My son falls asleep and that’s the end, earthquake, thunder, you name it, he won’t wake up.
Replacement words: いったん〜たらそのまま・いったん〜たら必ず

Back 1

〜が最後
(v. ta-form)
寝入ったが最後、
マイクを握ったが最後、
出会ったが最後

Front 2

FORMAL Used to express that if the preceding part (A) is not done, then the following part (B) cannot be done.
I.e. If you don’t get your advisor’s permission, then you can’t change your class schedule.
If I don’t get a good answer, then there’s no reason for me to go home.
Replacement words: 〜し（ないで）

Back 2

〜ことなしに
(v. dic)
許可を得ることなしに、
いただくことなしに、

Front 3

“if that/it is the case,” Used to express a special circumstance, leading to a result
I.e. If no one’s going, then I guess I have to go.
If it’s the case you have a big build and strong legs, then you can play rugby.
If the rent’s cheap and it’s a good neighborhood, then someone will rent even an old apartment.
If it’s for their child, a parent can do anything.
Replacement words: 〜なら・〜たら

Back 3

〜とあれば
(everything, plain form)
誰も行かないとあれば、
足腰が強いとあれば、
その上静（だ）とあれば、
子供のためとあれば、

Front 4

Used in the case of “If it comes to happen that, then~” also used to show a natural progression.
I.e. If you suddenly have to go abroad, it’s difficult to get ready
In December, Jingle Bells will be played all over the town.
If you're a full grown adult, you have to take responsibility for your speech and actions.
Replacement words: 〜になると／〜になれば

Back 4

〜ともなると／〜ともなれば
(N and v. dic.)
急に外国へ行くともなると、
１２月ともなると、
一人前の大人ともなれば、

Front 5

FORMAL Used to say that “Without A, B will become difficult”
I.e. Without trusting other people, you cannot fulfill the duties of being a leader.
Without the passionate direction of our leader, we won’t win this time.
Replacement words: 〜なしでは・〜がなければ

Back 5

〜なくして（は）
(N)
信頼なくして、
監督の熱心な指導なくしては、

Front 6

Used to denote something that ought to be done (should be common sense)
I.e. Please don’t enter my room without knocking.
You can’t enter the college without properly filling out the application.
Replacement words: 〜をしないで・〜がないままで

Back 6

〜なしに（は）
(N)
ノックなしに
きちんとした手続きなしには
*Note, when used with 「何の」+「名」+もなしに」it means, “with zero~”
I.e. 彼は何の連絡もなしに、会社を３日も休んでいる。

Front 7

(Part II)
Positive use to express, “Only A could get B, or With only A, you can get B”
I.e. Only this designer could come up with this idea.
This flavor can only come from mother’s cooking.
Replacement words: 〜だけにある・だけができる

Back 7

〜ならでは
(N)
あのデザイナーならでは
手作りならでは出せない味だ

Front 8

Used to express a cause or reason. Often for apologies or excuses.
I was rude because I didn’t know anything.
Replacement words: 〜ので

Back 8

〜こととて
(N+ の, everything else regular, but if the verb is neg.-->ぬ)
Structure: excuse こととて stupid thing I did.
何も知らぬこととて、失礼致しました。

Front 9

To express a reason. Similar to “It’s not like~”
I.e. It’s not like we’re climbing a snowy mountain, you don’t need that big coat.
It’s not like you’re a kid, why are you scared of the dark?
It’s not like you just saw a ghost, so stop looking so surprised.
Replacement words: 〜ではないのだから

Back 9

〜ではあるまいし／〜じゃあるまいし
(v. dic/ta-form + の／ん , N)
冬山登山をするのではあるまいし、
子供ではあるまいし、
幽霊が現れたんじゃあるまいし、

Front 10

Used to explain the reason why something is out of the ordinary.
I.e. There’s a big star coming, so there’s all these big guys waiting at the airport.
It’s the store’s grand opening so the inside is busting with people.
Replacement words: 〜ので

Back 10

〜とあって
(Everything normal)
人気スターがやって来るとあって、
開店セールとあって、

Front 11

Used to denote a goal.
I.e. In order to see my teacher, I made a visit to my alma mater.
In order to pass the test, we all studied very hard.
Replacement words: 〜ようと思って

Back 11

〜べく
(v. dic *するべく→すべく)
恩師に会うべく、
試験に合格すべく、

Front 12

(Part III)
Denotes cause or reason for an action. “consequently”, “therefore”
I.e. We have absolute evidence, therefore, your guilt has been confirmed.
The majority of child deaths due to starvation are due to poverty, therefore, it is a tragedy.
Replacement words: 〜のために・〜だから

Back 12

〜ゆえ（に）／〜ゆえの
(everything reg. conjugation + ゆえ（に）→ v & adj. 　
everything reg. conjugation + ゆえの→ N)
動かぬ証拠があるゆえ（に）、有罪が確定した。
多くの子供達が餓死したという悲惨な出来事は、貧しさゆえの悲劇だった。

Front 13

Used like English, “Even though”
I.e. Even though I’ve been complaining, nothing has changed.
Even though I can’t participate this time, surely there will be another chance.
Replacement words: 〜ても・〜でも

Back 13

〜たところで
(v. ta-form)
愚痴をいったところで
参加できなかったところで

Front 14

Used like English, “Even if” or, “No matter how, who, what, etc….”
I.e. Even if you’re a king, there’s no way make everyone obey.
No matter how much money you have, there are some things in life you can’t buy.
Replacement words: 〜でも・〜であっても

Back 14

〜であれ
(N)
たとえ国王であれ、
どんな金持ちであれ、

Front 15

Used to express an unexpected outcome. Like “Even though,” but also implies speech, although it seems omitable in a translation
I.e. Even though it’s said that medicine has made brilliant advances, the number of sick people has not gone down.
Even though you say you’re really busy, you can’t ignore your health.
Even if you say you’re a foreigner, “when in rome do as the romans do”
Replacement words: 〜けれども・〜ても・〜であっても

Back 15

〜といえども
(everything plain)
進歩したといえども、
いかに多忙といえども、
たとえ外国といえども、

Front 16

Used when something is not what you thought it would be.
I.e. He was raised in a cold place, so I thought he would be good at skiing, but he fell down again and again.
I thought I would be safe with my retirement pension, but because of inflation it devalued.
Replacement words: 〜と思ったけれども

Back 16

〜と思いきや
(everything plain)
スキーがうまいだろうと思いきや、
安泰だと思いきや、

Front 17

“Even though it’s a ~ time” kind of. It can be replaced with time in most cases.
At the time I thought the game would end, it was canceled for rain.
Thank you for seeing me even though it’s such a busy time.
I’m sorry for disturbing you at your break time.
Replacement words: 〜時（なの）に・〜状況（なの）に

Back 17

〜ところを
(v. dic/ta-form, add i and na to adj. and no to N.)
もう少しで終わるところを、
お忙しいところをおいでくださいまして、ありがとうございます。
お休みのところをお邪魔いたしまして、申し訳ございません。

Front 18

Used to mean “Even if” but the resultant is negative.
Even if everyone participates, it’s only about 30 people.
Even if it’s me, I don’t know what to do with that problem.
Even if you take the bus or train, the amount of time is about the same.
Replacement words: 〜としても・〜にしても

Back 18

〜としたところで／〜としたって／〜にしたところで／〜にしたって (everything normal)
全員が参加するとしたところで、人数はせいぜい３０人位だ。
私にしたって、その問題については、どうしたらいいか分からないんです。
電車で行くかバスで行くか、どちらにしたところで、時間は大して変わらないだろう。

Front 19

“A is what’s said, but B is the reality.” “Even though,” and “You may say, but” and “be that as it may”
You may say he’s young, but he can understand how hard it is to take care of him.
Even though it’s spring, the cold days are still continuing.
Replacement words: 〜といっても・〜でも

Back 19

〜とはいえ
(everything normal)
幼いとはいえ、その子は自分の家庭の苦しい事情を理解している。
春とはいえ、まだまだ寒い日が続いております。

Front 20

Official translation is “although” and “notwithstanding”, but it seems like another way to say even though…
Even while protecting traditional methods, that craftsman combines new methods.
Like the saying, “Even while it’s cramped, our house is fun,” your own house is the best.
Even while recently they’re small, superior functioning laptops are circulating.
Replacement words: 〜けれども・〜のに

Back 20

〜ながらも
(v. mas stem/nai everything else plain, sometimes N and na adj. + であり)
その職人は古い伝統を守りながらも、新しい工夫を重ねている。
「狭いながらも、楽しい我が家」と言うように、自分の家が一番ですね。
最近は小型でありながら、優れた機能を備えたパソコンが出回っている。

Front 21

Used when something has a regrettable outcome, like “I wish I had”
Even though I should have spoken quickly, I didn’t say anything.
Even though it’s easier to use machines, why is he so fixated on doing it by hand.
Replacement words: 〜のに

Back 21

〜ものを
(plain form v. and adj.)
早く言えばいいものを、何も言わないんだから。
機械を使えば簡単なものを、彼はなぜあんなに手作りにこだわるのだろう。

Front 22

“No matter how~” “however (i.e. bad things get)”
No matter how adverse your circumstances are, you have to see the things you decide to do to the end.
No matter how difficult your circumstances, there’s nothing you can’t conquer with hard work.
Replacement words: 〜しても・〜でも

Back 22

〜（よ）うが／〜（よ）うと
([v. volitional, i-adj → かろう na-adj. →だろう／であろう N → だろう／であろう)] + が／と )
周囲に反対されようが、自分でやると決めた以上は最後までやりぬくつもりだ。
いかなる困難であろうとも、努力によって克服できないものはない。