Zoology Test 1

Front 1

What is ecology?

Back 1

Organisms interaction with their environment

Front 2

Levels of study

Back 2

organism,communities, populations, ecosystems

Front 3

what is climate?

Back 3

Long term weather patterns

Front 4

what is weather

Back 4

o Weather: short term atmospheric conditions

Front 5

How do individuals interact with each other and their physical environment?

Back 5

1.Behavioral
• Escape from predators
• Search for mates
2.Physiological
• Thrive in extreme cold
• Break down food
3.Morphological
• Camouflage

Front 6

• Organismal Ecology

Back 6

o Organisms have adaptations that allow it to be successful in its environment
Ex: cow four stomachs, chewing cud.

Front 7

Population Ecology

Back 7

Population: a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area at the same time
o How and why does population size change over time?

Front 8

Growth rate

Back 8

In humans it is exponential...when reaches carrying capacity it will have to slow down

Front 9

• Community Ecology

Back 9

Multiple species that interact with one another within
a particular area.

• How do species interact and what are the consequences?
• Examples?
• Parasitism
• Mutualism
predation....

Front 10

Ecosystem ecology

Back 10

o Broader scale than comm. Ecology.
o Alt the organisms in a particular regional along with abiotic components
o How do energy and nutrients cycle through the environment?
o Examples?
• Single tree
• In that tree habitat for many diff. species.
o Plants, insects, birds, mammals etc.
o Movement of nutrients
o Ants serve a purpose in pollinating
• Entire world
• Various ecosystems
• Food chain, trophic levels

Front 11

Define Ecosystem

Back 11

All the organisms in a particular region, along with abiotic components.

Front 12

o Aquatic environments

Back 12

• Characteristics:
• Depth of water and rate of water movement
• Net Primary production
• How much photosynthesis is going on
o How much carbon is being fixed
o Deep water, less sun less productive & vice versa
• Examples:
o Ocean lakes rivers, streams, marshes etc

Front 13

Tropical Wet Forests

Back 13

High species diversit

Front 14

Subtropical deserts

Back 14

Low species diversity

Front 15

Temperate Forests

Back 15

Moderate species diversity

Front 16

Boreal Forest

Back 16

Low species diversity

Front 17

Behavior definition

Back 17

1. Response to a stimulus or an interaction between an animal and the environment or with other organisms

Front 18

Cause of Behavior

Back 18

a) proximate causation-
the physiological change that occurs.
b) ultimate causation- why does it occur? What is the evolutionary advantage or adaptation.

Front 19

Innate behaviors

Back 19

an inherited behavior, little or no learning (more inherited and hard wired, it is a response)

Front 20

FAP

Back 20

-(fixed action pattern) a stereotypical action

Front 21

Innate behaviors: Fixed actions patterns

Back 21

• a.) No variation in action (golden eye (duck) head throw 1.29 seconds)
• Ex. Field mouse, when they hear a rattle they will immediately jump back. Wheather or not it is real is irrelavent
• b.) species specific (web patterns in spiders, not learned)
• c.)once started, it goes to completion-(goose will finish egg rolling if egg is taken away.)
• d.)evoked by a releaser or sign stimulus
o Cognition or learning not evident.

Front 22

The problem with innate behaviors

Back 22

hard to adapt to tricks, the FAP will work most of the time.

• Its hard to adapt to these “sneaky” things a scientist will do.
• Better safe than sorry, cost not that great if falsely brought out.

Front 23

Conditional strategies, define

Back 23

Response to a complex stimulis

Front 24

Conditional strategies, example

Back 24

fish changing sexes
-size advantage hypothesis
-One male then females...
Male dies…largest female changes sexes
Example 2:
• Optimal foraging: White fronted bee-eater

Front 25

Learning-
Define and give the types

Back 25

definition: a change in behavior that results from a previous experience
-1.classical conditioning
-2.impriniting
-3.bird song
-4.coginition
-5.communication
-6.orientation
-7.Migration
-5. Communication

Front 26

Imprinting

Back 26

Imprinting
• Rapid irreversible attachment in young to a distinct appearance
• Ex: ducks, geese (critical period)
• Conrad lorenze
o Hatching duck’s and geese will follow and imprint on the first object/moving thing they see
o Used diff. color boots and they would imprint on diff. color boots.
o Without proper boot colors the response was not registered
• Why do we see this behavior
o Learn from the mother
o Imprint on mother->Protection! (ultimate causation

Front 27

Bird song

Back 27

• A. Innate known song ex. (not learned!) But still a behavior
o ex: chickens have this innate ability to make song.
• B. White crowned sparrow-critical period
o Narrow time frame in which bird needs to hear song to properly recreate the song.
o Young bird reared in silence-> no song
o Young bird reared with hited crowned sparrow song-> Normal song
o Young bird reared with a song sparrow song->abnormal song
• C. Mocking birds, parrots
o Ultimate causation-> not understood
o Sign of high intelligence

Front 28

Cognition

Back 28

• a. definition: Recognition and manipulation of facts about the environment. The ability to form concepts and gain insights
• b. Experiments-observe novel associations or insights
o i. Crows-
• 51.10 in text
• Food in bucket, need wire.
• Tool use
• Female could/male couldn’t
• Female crows can use tools to solve problems. Female crowns can also make tools from unfamiliar materials to solve problems
o ii. Rats
• able to memorize pattern
• Navigate
• Behaviors are situational specific-rats used to similar patterns…ultimate causation

Front 29

Communication: Defintion

Back 29

a behavior from one animal to another that modifies the behavior of another

Front 30

Communication....

Back 30

• b. signal—a behavior that can be ignored
• c. modes of communication
o i. based on habitat- whales, wolves etc.
o wales able to communicate through very vast distances.
o Elephants can communicate through low freq. noises.
• Below humans absolute threshold
• d. deceit in communication-
o i. angler fish-uses fake “lure” to attract prey
o ii.fireflies-
• males and females will flash certain patterns
• a species that mimmicks the pattern of the female of another…then he eats that horny male.

Front 31

What is said to the most complex animal behavior

Back 31

Migration

Front 32

Migration

Back 32

• long distance movement by a species during a change of season
o a. ex. Arctic tern-
• 20,000 miles
• monarch 1,800 miles
o b. Navigation-
• i. piloting movement by the use of land marks
• ex; ducks using missisipi
• ii. Compass orientation-
• movement in a specific direction
• ex: birds
o use: magnetic fields, stars, the sun
• iii. True navigation
• Controversial hasn’t really been seen in animals

Front 33

Carol Linnaes-1700's

Back 33

• Devise a class system
• Species were fixed, static, did not change etc.
• Based largely upon phenotypes….not what we use as much anymore…more towards genotypes….

Front 34

La Marck 1809

Back 34

• 1. Evolution responded to a need
• 2. Passing on of acquired traits (not accurate)
• 3.Giraffe example
• overtime through many generations, through the animals stretching there neck the physical change was passed onto offspring
o the idea here is that anything you can do to your body can be passed down to offspring…NOT TRUE!

Front 35

1831-36 Beagle-Lyell’s Principles of Geology

Back 35

• Darwin was Hired as a naturalist
• Observations
o Finches, mockingbirds etc.
• Artificial selection-
o Dog breeding

Front 36

1844-wrote an essay on evolution by natural selection...

Back 36

Charles Darwin...didn't publish it b/c it was revolutionary..
.• 1858-1859 received a letter Alfred Wallace that correlated with Darwin theorized.
o Darwin went ahead and published along with Wallace “Origin of Species”

Front 37

One of darwin's arguements?

Back 37

• Darwin argued that if species are created why the useless traits?

Front 38

NATURAL SELECTION

Back 38

o 1. Physical process with no forethoughs
o 2. Acts on individuals
o 3.Produces adaptive change in a population. (causes population to evolve)

Front 39

Four factors that are evidence of evolution

Back 39

1.fossil record
2.Compartive biology-structural homology
3. Genetic Homology
4. Developmental homology

Front 40

Fossil record examples

Back 40

• a.) Horse species
o change in teeth and hoof structure. In relation to the changes in diet.
• b.) Whale(24.04)
o terrestrial mammal to transtitional .
o Changes in actual morphology

Front 41

Why is developmental homology evidence for evolution?

Back 41

• If we grow up similar than we should see developmental homology
• Embryological development between different animals all very similar

Front 42

Seven assumptions of hardy-weinberg

Back 42

• 1.Diploid organism
• 2. Sexual reproductions
• 3.random mating
• 4.Large population
• 5.No mutation
• 6.No migration
• 7.No selection

Front 43

Stabilizing natural selection

Back 43

Avg trait has high fitness.
ex: birthweight in babies

Front 44

Directional n.s.

Back 44

extremes are favored
ex: beak length

Front 45

Genetic drift

Back 45

-a random shuffling genes no selection, not adaptive.
-Fertilization->random genes
-

Front 46

Bottleneck effect

Back 46

large population become small population.
reduced genetic variation in following generations.

Front 47

founder affect

Back 47

founder statrts a new population...