Zoology - Mt2

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Characteristics of Ph. Mollusca

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-Large muscular foot
-Soft body/shell composed of CaCO3
Ctenidium: comb-like gill, part of respiratory system for gastropods and bivalves
Open Circulatory System: Hemocoel cavity bathes the organs with oxygen/nutrients and there is no distinction between blood and intersitial fluid (hemolymph). Muscular movements during locomotion helps with hemolymph movement, when heart relaxes it draws blood back to ostia pores
Radula: “tongue”, with toothed chitonous ribbon that is used to scrape and cut food. Found in eery class except bivalves

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Trochophore Larvae

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Ph. Mollusca = eats plankton, ciliated, free living (diamond shaped)

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Veliger Larvae

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Ph. Mollusca, Cl. Bivalvia/Gastropoda = eats plankton (trochophore w/ wings)

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Characteristics of Protostomes

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-“Mouth first”
-Animals with bilateral symmetry + 3 germ layers
-Distinct in embryonic development: edges of body dents become a mouth and anus at the end of their body. Embryonic mesoderm splits to form coelom
-Spiral cleavage: determinate; type of cleavage found in embryo where animal pole blastomeres rotate with respect to vegetal pole, spiral is maternally inherited

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Blastopore

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In protosome development, the first opening in development becomes the animal’s mouth

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3 Shell Layers

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Periostracum: outer most layer, organic material which wears away
Prismatic: middle layer, bulk of shell made of prisms of CaCO3
Nacreous: inner layer, mother of pearl, CaCO3 laid down in thin sheets that reflect light in colorful patterns

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Torsion

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Cl. Gastropoda = Occurs in larval development of gastropods where CCW rotation brings mantle cavity/anus to above the head

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Nephridia

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SubCl. Prosobranchia = Invertebrate organ similar to kidneys, removes metabolic waste (Archaeo-/neogastropoda came up with holes/gills to solved clogging the mantle cavity)

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Pneumostome

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SubCl. Pulmonata = breathing pore that allows air into lungs, visible hole on the right side of body

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Nudibranchs

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SubCl. Opisthobranchs = loses shell in larval stage, great colors/forms

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Adductor muscle

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Cl. Bivalvia = muscles that hold two valves/shells closed

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Palps

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Cl. Bivalvia = location where food from gills is transported to, sorts the food and passes on to mouth

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Byssal Threads

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Cl. Bivalvia = threads released to attach to soft sediments/hard substrate

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Siphuncle

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Cl. Cephalopoda/Or. Nautiulus = cord of tissue that extends from the body through all chambers of the shell, regulates the H2O/gas ratio and controls buoyance

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Hectocotylus

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Modified arm of male octopus that transfers sperm to the female and grows a new one w/ each season

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Characteristics of Ph. Arthropoda

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*Ph. Chelicerata, Crustacea, Hexapoda, Myriapoda, Onychophora, Tardigrada
-Coelomates: forms from split in mesoderm
-Spiral cleavage
-Mouth forms from blastopore

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Cross Section of Arthropoda

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-Epicuticle: top, lipid/wax
-Exocuticle: middle, embed CaCO3 for marine species, cross-length chitin by quinones
-Endocuticle: inner, chitin + protein

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Book Lungs

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Ph. Chelicerata, Cl. Arachnida = Found in terrestrial, respiration organ for atmospheric gas exchange inside ventral abdominal cavity

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Ommatidium

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Ph. Chelicerata, Crustacea = individual units in compound eyes, contains clusters of photoreceptor cells surrounded by support and pigment cells

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Rhabdom

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Trasparent tube that serves as a light sensitive receptor in an arthropod’s eye

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Exoskeleton

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Ph. Mollusca/Hexapoda/Crustacea = External skeleton that supports and protects body

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Biramous

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Ph. Trilobitomorpha = divided into two parts (ex. legs = 1st for walking, 2nd as gills)

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Chelicerae

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Ph. Chelicerata/Crustacea = appendages found at mouth (1st), pincers for feeding but in Aranea used to hold toxins

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Gnathobase

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Cl. Merostomata = expanded/hardened base of appendage, used to macerate food before ingestion

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Book Gill

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Cl. Merostomata = external, flappy appendages that allows O2 to come in and keeps H2O out. Horseshoe crab also uses it for swimming

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Pedipalps

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Ph. Chelicerata = 2nd appendages, “mandibles”, has 6 articles

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Antagonistic Skeleton

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Ph. Chelicerata = uses blood pressure to move muscle and walk

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Spinerettes

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Or. Aranea = found on abdomen, finger-like appendages containing 100s of tubes leading to silk glands. Also makes spermatophores which males fill with sperm to transfer to females

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Capitulum

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Or. Acarina = location of mouth and feeding parts (hypostome, chelicerae, pedipalps). Separated from body by cuticle

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Lyme Disease

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Or. Acarina = spread by ticks, and caused by spirochete bacterium. Causes fever, fatigue, circulatory skin rashes, eventually affecting NS. Difficult to identify

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Labrum

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Ph. Crustacea = anterior, unpaired member of the mouthparts of an arthropod, projects in front of the mouth like lips

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Nauplius Larvae

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Ph. Crustacea = antennaed

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Coxal/Antennal Glands

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Ph. Crustacea = Collects/excretes urine, homologous to antennal gland. Comprises of end sac, long duct and terminal bladder

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Cirri

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Cl. Cirripedia = appendage used to kick food into mouth

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Monoecious

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“one house”, separate male and female parts on SAME individual

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Dioecious

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“two houses”, species are SEPARATELY male or female

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Copulation: Lock & Key

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Ph. Chelicerata, Hexapoda = species specific

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Trachea

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Ph. Hexapoda = for small animals because air diffuses and is quicker in warmer climate

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Crop

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Ph. Hexapoda = used for food storage prior to digestion, thin walled and part of alimentary tract

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Malpighian Tubules

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Ph. Hexapoda = excretory/osmoreg system, consists of branching tubes from alimentary canal that absorbs solutes/water/wastes from surround hemolymph

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Ventral Nerve Cord

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Ph. Hexapoda = part of NS, consists of cerebral ganglia running down ventral plane of body

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Spiracles

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Ph. Hexapoda, Orthoptera = openings on surface leading to respiratory system

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Typanum

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Ph. Hexapoda = “large ear” and detects sound and located behind eye and transmits to inner ear

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Cerci

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Ph. Hexapoda, Orthoptera = rear sensory organs that can be used as weapons/copulation aids or just be vestigial structures. Hair like, or even pincher-like

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Ovipositor

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Ph. Hexapoda, Orthoptera = females have 2 pairs of hardened valves with an egg guide + valves which is the ovipositor. Organ used to lay eggs and attach it to a substrate

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Ametabola

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No metamorphosis, young hatch from eggs and look similar to adult

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Hemimetabola

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Incomplete metamorphosis
eggs hatch into naiads (larvae living in water)
grow/crawl onto land and molt
metamorphosize

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Holometabola

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eggs hatch as segmented, worm larvae (grubs, maggots). feed and grow
resting phase = pupa, body surrounded in silk and degenerates (for feeding)
hatches from pupa and becomes adult (for sex)

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Instar

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Ph. Hexapoda = developmental stage of arthropods until sexual maturity is reached. Can be during larval or pupa stage

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Molt

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Ph. Hexapoda = shedding or ecdysis where species casts off its body

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Juvenile Hormone/Growth Inhibiting Hormone

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Ph. Hexapoda = ensures growth of larvae while preventing metamorphosis/development of adult features. Amount of hormone dictates what structure molted into (larvae, pupa, adult). Excreted by Corpora Allata

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Propolus

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Ph. Hexapoda, Hymenoptera = resinous mixture bees collect as sealant for their hive

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Characteristics of Deuterosomes

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Radial cleavage: arrangement of blastomeres in upper tier directly over lower tier
Blastopore forms anus
Coelom forms from pocketing of gut

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Lophophore

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Group that has crown of tentacles used for filter feeding, have coelomic cavity!

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Pentamerous

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Ph. Echinoderm = five part radial symmetry and spiny skinned

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Water Vascular System

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Ph. Echinoderm = specialized cavity to provide fluid that operates the tube feet

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Ossicles

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Ph. Echinoderm = calcareous plates bound together by connective tissue. Can for flexible joins, be fused for rigid skeletal shell, sea cucumbers degenerated their ossicle

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Tube Feet

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Ph. Echinoderm = small tubular projects on arms, part of water vasc. system and used for loco/feeding/respiration. Operate through hydraulic pressure. Consists of 2 parts: ampulla & podia

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Pedicellaria

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Ph. Echinoderm = claw-shaped structure believed to keep body surface clean of algae/debris, can help with food capture

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Papulae

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Cl. Asteroidea = skin gills that are projections from coelom that help with respiration and waste removal, soft and covered w/ epidermis (externally) and peritoneum (internally)

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Madreporite

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Ph. Echinoderm = calcareous opening used to filter water into WVS, acts like a pressure-equalizing valve

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Cuvarian Vesicle

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Ph. Echinoderm, Cl. Holothoroidea = that releases toxins to kill fish

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Evisceration

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Ph. Echinoderm, Cl. Holothuroidea = control all body wall muscles until guts/gonads are shot out of anus opening at the harasser

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Test

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Ph. Echinoderm, Cl. Echinoidea = skeleton or calcareous shells

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Aristotle's Lantern

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Ph. Echinoderm, Cl. Echinoidea = most complex jaw known, scrapes algae off rocks and leads to long intestine that coils inside the test and ends at the anus. Teeth and tongue

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Bipinnaria Larvae

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Cl. Asteroidea = first stage in larval development, movement and feeding by bands of cilia, freeliving

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Echinopluteus Larvae

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Cl. Echinoidea = has extensive ciliated bands for swimming, suspension feeding. Adds arms as developing and changes dramatically w/ metamorphosis

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Proboscis

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Ph. Hemichordata = anterior region of acorn worm, muscular/ciliated organ used for loco/collection and transport of food

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Inccurent Siphon/Tunic

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SubPh. Urochordata = water passes through 1 hole (incurrent) and exits through tunic (excurrent).

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Tadpole Larvae

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Chordata = have dorsal hollow nerve tube, notochord, post-anal tail, pharyngeal gill slits

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Paedogenesis

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Difference between larvae and adult is that adult has reproductive organs

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Ctenidium

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Ph. Mollusca, Cl. Gastropoda = gills for respiration. Plate-like structure that protrudes from body

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Radula

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Ph. Mollusca = "tongue" with chitonous ribbon that's used to cut/scrape off food. Found in every class except bivalves