Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The flow of air?
|
1.air enters through the nose
2.air travels through the nasal chambers 3.then air enters pharynx 4.trachea 5.bronchi 6.bromnchioles 7.alveoli |
|
lungs are housed in the?
|
The thorasic cavity
|
|
Negative pressure breathing?
|
diaphram contracts-causing the throasic cavity to enlarge and air is drwn into the lungs.
|
|
Hemoglobin(what gives blood its red color)
|
Respirtory pigment found in all vertebrates and many invertebrates
(irion in the hemoglobin) |
|
what happens to air in the lungs
|
oxygen diffuses into the plasma(high levels of oxygen hemoglobin loads up)
|
|
What happens in the tissues
|
oxygen is used in cell respiration(oxygen diffuses into tissues)plasma level drops and hemoglobin unloads
|
|
What organ monitors co2 levels in the body?
|
The BRAIN
|
|
Diffusion of co2 into the plasma causes what changes?
|
The ph is changed in which cause the hemoglobin to dump more o2( Bohr Effect)
|
|
define cutaneous respiration?
|
Gases diffuse across body surface
|
|
Gilss
|
-counter current orientation allows for o2 tranfer
|
|
Define Counter current orientation?
|
Where blood and water flow in opposite directions(very efficient for transfer of gases)
|
|
Lungs
|
-gases is pumped in and out
-good for terrestrial enviroments when 02 demnads are high (positive pressure Frogs) |
|
Positive pressure is?
The more sub units in the lungs the -----the surface area is for diffusion) |
a breathing syestem where 02 is forced in the lungs
-higher |
|
Many Arthropods have a trachea syestem to?
|
Deliver oxygen directly to cells
|
|
define circulatory syestem?
|
blood travels throughout the body, delivery o2 and nutrients
-collects nitrogenous waste and carbon dixoide |
|
Open syestem
Colsed syestem |
-Insects hemolymph
-blodd is always inside a vessel |
|
Vertebrate circulatory syestem
hearts? Veins? arteries? capillaries? |
-Heart is used to pump blood
-Veins carry blodd backk to the heart -Arteries take oxygen riched blood leaving the heart and branch into smaller arterioles -capillaries small vessels ,close to all cells(can be closed off with smooth muscle |
|
which are thicker arteries or veins?
|
Arteries are thicker because they are exposed to higher blood pressure.
|
|
what is true about veins.
|
-they are under low blood pressure,
-blood in veins are driven back to the heart by one way valves and muscle |
|
The artrium?
|
The chamber of the heart that collects blood returning into tthe heart
|
|
Ventricle (Force)
|
-takes blood from atrium and forcfuly contrcts sending blood throughout the body.
|
|
fish have a ----chambered heart?Some characteristics of the syestem?
|
2
-heart-gills-body -heart |
|
Amphibians and reptile have a -----chambered herat?
|
3
-herat-lungs-heart-body-heart (pulmonary circuit) (Syestamatic syestem) |
|
Frogs right atrium recieves blood from the body in -------
|
low 02 and high 02
|
|
left artium recieves blood from ------
|
lungs high 02 and low 02
|
|
birds and mamals have -- chambers in the herat?
|
4
-there isa no mixing of oxgenated blood and deoxgenated blood |
|
AV valves are found where in the heart/
|
-inbetween the artium and the ventricle
|
|
Semilunar valves are found where ?
|
between the ventricle and the arteries
|
|
Systemic circuit?
|
-blood flow from left ventricle to the aorta
-vessels come off the aortic arch and supply the head and forelimbs blood -blood flows through vessels into smaller capillary beds were 02 is released and c02 is absorbed -blood into large vessels (venules and veins)and flow into the VENA CAVE back to the heart (RIGHT ATRIUM) |
|
What organ monitors co2 levels in the body?
|
The BRAIN
|
|
Diffusion of co2 into the plasma causes what changes?
|
The ph is changed in which cause the hemoglobin to dump more o2( Bohr Effect)
|
|
define cutaneous respiration?
|
Gases diffuse across body surface
|
|
Gilss
|
-counter current orientation allows for o2 tranfer
|
|
Define Counter current orientation?
|
Where blood and water flow in opposite directions(very efficient for transfer of gases)
|
|
Lungs
|
-gases is pumped in and out
-good for terrestrial enviroments when 02 demnads are high (positive pressure Frogs) |
|
Positive pressure is?
The more sub units in the lungs the -----the surface area is for diffusion) |
a breathing syestem where 02 is forced in the lungs
-higher |
|
Many Arthropods have a trachea syestem to?
|
Deliver oxygen directly to cells
|
|
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
Blood flows in what direction from what part into what ? |
Blood flow from left ventricle into the aorta
(vessels coming of aortic arch supply blood to forelimbs and brain |
|
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
main idea is? |
Blood travels through capilarry beds were C02 is ABSORBED and O2 is RELEASED
|
|
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT flows into -----
|
-veins and larger venules and flows into the VENA CAVE back to the RT ATRIUM
|
|
Pulmonary CIRCUIT?
blood flows from? |
-The right Ventricle into Pulmonary Arteries.
-Blood flows into capilarry beds and ABSORBS O2 and Realeases CO2 -Oxygenated blood flows in PULMONARY vein that lead back to the left ATRIUM |
|
BLOOD
Three main components of blood ? |
1Plasma-water/proteins elctrolytes,glucose annd dissolved gases.
2.cells, ERYTHROCYTES red blood cells containing iron riched blood hemoglobin they have no nucleus some nucleated RBC's -Leukocytes white blood cells phagocytize dead and invading cells. 3cell fragments -plateletes and throbocytes (piched off white blood cells uses is clotting -find damaged cells and activate Thrombin |
|
Thrombin chages what/
|
fibrinogen into fibrin which net captures blood cells and forms a clot
|
|
Lymphatic syestem?
what type of syestem |
a syestem of blind end tubes that empty blood back into veins in the neck
-lymphatic syestem is returning any fluid that leaked out of circulatory syestem |
|
Lymphatic syestem other roles?
Lacteals are associated with what? |
-Immunity white blood cells lymphoclytes are produced in lymph nodes and macrophages protect the body from infection
--digestion lacteals absorb fats in the intestine |
|
NERVOUS SYESTEM
Neuron glial cells sensory neuron receptors |
-transmits electrical impulses
-epithelial support cells of neurons -sensory neuron recieve a signal the from sensory receptor and send in to the brain -receptors(cones rods pressure receptors)reat to enviroment and stimultae sensory neurons. |
|
cell to cell interaction is what type of reaction?
|
-chemical
|
|
Sensory neurons
Interneurons Motor neurons |
send impulse from sensory receptor toward the brain
-transmit the signal from one sensory neuron to the next -motor neurons transmit a signal to a gland or muscle fiber |
|
A signals path
|
Receptor
Sensory Neuron interneurons -Motor neuron(gland muslcle Fiber) - |
|
The name of a signal that travels along neurons as an electrical impulse is ---
the interaction between cells is called a ---- |
-a Action Potential
-neurotransmitter |
|
Resting Potential is when?
The membrane is permable to what ? |
The enzymes of the membrane of the neuron created a differnce of ions concentration of in and outside the cell
-Permeable to K but not NA and cl |
|
Sodium Potassium Pump uses what to diffuse na inside the cell and K outside they cell
|
-ATP
|
|
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
Blood flows in what direction from what part into what ? |
Blood flow from left ventricle into the aorta
(vessels coming of aortic arch supply blood to forelimbs and brain |
|
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
main idea is? |
Blood travels through capilarry beds were C02 is ABSORBED and O2 is RELEASED
|
|
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT flows into -----
|
-veins and larger venules and flows into the VENA CAVE back to the RT ATRIUM
|
|
Pulmonary CIRCUIT?
blood flows from? |
-The right Ventricle into Pulmonary Arteries.
-Blood flows into capilarry beds and ABSORBS O2 and Realeases CO2 -Oxygenated blood flows in PULMONARY vein that lead back to the left ATRIUM |
|
BLOOD
Three main components of blood ? |
1Plasma-water/proteins elctrolytes,glucose annd dissolved gases.
2.cells, ERYTHROCYTES red blood cells containing iron riched blood hemoglobin they have no nucleus some nucleated RBC's -Leukocytes white blood cells phagocytize dead and invading cells. 3cell fragments -plateletes and throbocytes (piched off white blood cells uses is clotting -find damaged cells and activate Thrombin |
|
Thrombin chages what/
|
fibrinogen into fibrin which net captures blood cells and forms a clot
|
|
Lymphatic syestem?
what type of syestem |
a syestem of blind end tubes that empty blood back into veins in the neck
-lymphatic syestem is returning any fluid that leaked out of circulatory syestem |
|
Lymphatic syestem other roles?
Lacteals are associated with what? |
-Immunity white blood cells lymphoclytes are produced in lymph nodes and macrophages protect the body from infection
--digestion lacteals absorb fats in the intestine |
|
NERVOUS SYESTEM
Neuron glial cells sensory neuron receptors |
-transmits electrical impulses
-epithelial support cells of neurons -sensory neuron recieve a signal the from sensory receptor and send in to the brain -receptors(cones rods pressure receptors)reat to enviroment and stimultae sensory neurons. |
|
cell to cell interaction is what type of reaction?
|
-chemical
|
|
Sensory neurons
Interneurons Motor neurons |
send impulse from sensory receptor toward the brain
-transmit the signal from one sensory neuron to the next -motor neurons transmit a signal to a gland or muscle fiber |
|
A signals path
|
Receptor
Sensory Neuron interneurons -Motor neuron(gland muslcle Fiber) - |
|
The name of a signal that travels along neurons as an electrical impulse is ---
the interaction between cells is called a ---- |
-a Action Potential
-neurotransmitter |
|
Resting Potential is when?
The membrane is permable to what ? |
The enzymes of the membrane of the neuron created a differnce of ions concentration of in and outside the cell
-Permeable to K but not NA and cl |
|
Sodium Potassium Pump uses what to diffuse na inside the cell and K outside they cell
|
-ATP
|
|
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
Blood flows in what direction from what part into what ? |
Blood flow from left ventricle into the aorta
(vessels coming of aortic arch supply blood to forelimbs and brain |
|
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
main idea is? |
Blood travels through capilarry beds were C02 is ABSORBED and O2 is RELEASED
|
|
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT flows into -----
|
-veins and larger venules and flows into the VENA CAVE back to the RT ATRIUM
|
|
Pulmonary CIRCUIT?
blood flows from? |
-The right Ventricle into Pulmonary Arteries.
-Blood flows into capilarry beds and ABSORBS O2 and Realeases CO2 -Oxygenated blood flows in PULMONARY vein that lead back to the left ATRIUM |
|
BLOOD
Three main components of blood ? |
1Plasma-water/proteins elctrolytes,glucose annd dissolved gases.
2.cells, ERYTHROCYTES red blood cells containing iron riched blood hemoglobin they have no nucleus some nucleated RBC's -Leukocytes white blood cells phagocytize dead and invading cells. 3cell fragments -plateletes and throbocytes (piched off white blood cells uses is clotting -find damaged cells and activate Thrombin |
|
Thrombin chages what/
|
fibrinogen into fibrin which net captures blood cells and forms a clot
|
|
Lymphatic syestem?
what type of syestem |
a syestem of blind end tubes that empty blood back into veins in the neck
-lymphatic syestem is returning any fluid that leaked out of circulatory syestem |
|
Lymphatic syestem other roles?
Lacteals are associated with what? |
-Immunity white blood cells lymphoclytes are produced in lymph nodes and macrophages protect the body from infection
--digestion lacteals absorb fats in the intestine |
|
NERVOUS SYESTEM
Neuron glial cells sensory neuron receptors |
-transmits electrical impulses
-epithelial support cells of neurons -sensory neuron recieve a signal the from sensory receptor and send in to the brain -receptors(cones rods pressure receptors)reat to enviroment and stimultae sensory neurons. |
|
cell to cell interaction is what type of reaction?
|
-chemical
|
|
Sensory neurons
Interneurons Motor neurons |
send impulse from sensory receptor toward the brain
-transmit the signal from one sensory neuron to the next -motor neurons transmit a signal to a gland or muscle fiber |
|
A signals path
|
Receptor
Sensory Neuron interneurons -Motor neuron(gland muslcle Fiber) - |
|
The name of a signal that travels along neurons as an electrical impulse is ---
the interaction between cells is called a ---- |
-a Action Potential
-neurotransmitter |
|
Resting Potential is when?
The membrane is permable to what ? |
The enzymes of the membrane of the neuron created a differnce of ions concentration of in and outside the cell
-Permeable to K but not NA and cl |
|
Sodium Potassium Pump uses what to diffuse na inside the cell and K outside they use what to do this?
|
-ATP
|
|
Depolariztion?
|
-when a neuron at rest is stimulated AP is formed
-Sodium channels open sodium in and potassium out (reversed polarity) -Sodium Potassium pump turns on and restores resting potential. -The channels open and close toward the neurons axon |
|
Speed of action potential is increased when?
|
Action potential increases with axon diameter thicker=faster
|
|
Schwann cells(myelin sheath)
The gaps between schwamm cells are? True or false Schwamm cells increase speed of signal? |
Schwann cells are cells that are rapped around the axon of a neuron and that insulate membrane from action potential.
-Nodes of Ranvier True |
|
Why are neurons only one way signal transmitter?
|
-because dendrites can onley recieve a signal and they have no neurotransmitters
|
|
What molecule stimulates the beak down of neurotransmitters?
|
calcium Ca
|
|
Central Nervous syestem?
2 Characteristics |
-composed of Brain and spinal cord.
-and processes nervous stimuli and coordinates responses. |
|
Perpheral bervous syestem?
|
-nervous tissues connecting all parts of the body to the central nervous syestem
|
|
The brain? 3 parts
|
Hindbrain
Midbrain Forebrain |
|
Hind brain? 3 parts
|
1.Medulla-base of brain controls heartbeat and respiration (sub concious)
2.Pons area that connects the two sides of the brain 3.cerebellum front of the head controls coordination,posture ,and equilibrium. |
|
Midbrain?
|
Optic lobes control vission
|
|
forebrain?
|
Thalmus-process of sensory info (homeostatis )
Hypothalmus-emotions and hormones that target the pituitary gland(endocrine syestem) |
|
Left side of the brain?
|
-controls right side of the body (language,math,logic and resoning
|
|
Right side of the brain?
|
-controls the left side of the body (spatial artistic,musical activities)
|
|
Cranial nerves?
fish and amphibians? mammals, reptiles,birds? |
Ganglia bundles of neurons that come directly off the brain
-10 pair -12 pair |
|
The function of the corpus callosum?
|
Allows for sharing information between two sides of the brain
|
|
Sensory division?
Motor division? |
-cells carrying signal toward brain
-cells carrying signals away from the brain |
|
Explain how reflexes work?
|
interneurons recieve impulse from sensory neuron and is sent back to the nervous cord activating the motor neuron to contract the muscle.
|
|
Autonomic nervous syestem?
|
-nerves of motor division that control unconcious functions
|
|
Autononmic is also known as----syestem? controls what?
|
-fight or flight syestem
-increase heart rate, stops digestion(NOREPINEPHRINE) |
|
Parasympathetic(conserves)
|
-slows down breathing and increses digestion
|
|
What is a stimulus?
|
-energy from the enviroment(light,heat,chemical,electrical,mechanical)
|
|
Job of a receptor potential?
THRESHOLD STIMULI STRINGER STIMULI |
Stimuli changes membrane potential
-weaker stimuli that results in action potential -fast action with high frequency |
|
Olafactory organs?
what is the process of the action? |
-smelling organs more sensative that that of taste can ditect things from far away
-sensors in the nasal cavity have cilia in mucus.molecules bind to mucus and initiate a nerve impulse |
|
mechanoreceptors?
streching of muscles gives brain info about body position |
-respond to motion(pressure)Monitor in and external stimuli
|
|
A lateral line does what?
|
-found in fish and detects vibrations
|
|
Neuromasts?
|
at interval that have a copula surrounded by cilia that give info about vibrations.
|
|
Balence and orientation?
|
Utilizes gravity to determine orientation(statolith)
|
|
Inner ear?
Saccule and Utricle? semi circular canals? |
-called Labyrinth balence organ orientation and sound detection.
-small chambers lined with hairs for balence -a fluid filled tubes for balence(perpendicular planes) |
|
Tympanic membrane?
path of hearing? |
-Ear drum
-ear drum, -bones of the inner ear(malleus,incus,stapes,) -oval window -vibration in oval window is transfered into the fluid inside the cochlea -The cochela stimulate the ciliaof the organ of corti sending the impulses to the brain |