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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of animals
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1. No cell walls or plastids 2. Multi-cellular 3. heterotrophic 4. sexual reproduction 5. develope from embryonic stages
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Types of animal tissue
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Epithelial, Connective, muscle, bone, cartilage, adipose, nerve blood
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Epithelial
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Barrier between environment and interior of body
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Connective
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Covers organs and composes ligaments and tendons. Holds tissues and organs together
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Muscle
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Smooth: involuntary on walls of internal organs. Skeletal: connects bones of skeleton and surrounding tissues. Cardiac: forms walls of heart
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Adipose
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beneath skin. Cushioning insulation fat storage
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Nerve
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Brain spinal cords nerves
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Blood
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Flows through ells in plasma. Carries oxygen, Fights infection
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Adipose
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beneath skin. Cushioning insulation fat storage
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Nerve
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Brain spinal cords nerves
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Blood
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Flows through ells in plasma. Carries oxygen, Fights infection
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Systems
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Made up of organs which are made up of tissues. Divegestive, gas exchange, Skeletal, Nervous, Circulatory, Excretory, immune.
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Digestive
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Ingestion (intake), digestion (breakdown), egestion (elimination of indigestible material.)
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Two categories of digestive organs.
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Alimentary Canal, Accessory organs
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Alimentary Canal
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Known as Gastrointestinal(GI) Tract. Includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.
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Accessory Organs
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Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas
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Mouth
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Chewing breaks down food and increases surface area. Food mixes with saliva.
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Stomach
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lining of stomach secretes mucous to protect against strong digestive chemicals. Secretes digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid to produce watery soup of nutrients.
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Pancreas and Gall Bladder
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Release enzymes into small intestine
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Small intestine
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cells lining small intestine have protrusion into the lumen called villli.
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Villi
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Large surface area for absorbtion of nutrients. Nutrients move into cappilaries through or between cells making up the villi.
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Liver
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Receives enriched blood from small intestine. Sugars removed and stored.
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Large Intestine
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receives indigestible food and absorbs water back into the body.
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Feces
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Passed through rectum and excreted through anus.
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Ruminants
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Consume large amounts of vegetation. Several stomach chambers. Chewed vegetation regurgitated from first two chambers as cud and chewed again to break down food mechanically. Bacteria in digestive track
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Invertebrates, insects, earthworms
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Similar digestive system to vertebrates
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Crop
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Organ that stores food until processed for absorbtion
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Respiratory System, Gas exchange system
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Breathing
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Nasal Passages
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Mucous lining. Epithelial tissue with embedded capillaries to warm incoming air.
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Pharynx
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Tube connecting nasal passage to trachea
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Trachea
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Includes windpipe/Larynx in upper portion and Glottis
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Glottis
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Opening allowing gases to pass onto bronchi. Guarded by epiglottis.
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Epiglottis
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Prevents food from entering bronchial tubes
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Bronchi
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Lead to two lungs and branch out into smaller tubes called bronchioles.
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Bronchioles
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Small tubes surrounded by capillaries ending in alveoli
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Alveoli
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Air sacs and site of gas exchange
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Gas exchange Process
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Capillaries surrounding the bronchioles bring blood with high density of CO2. At alveoli CO2 diffuses from blood to Alveoli and Oxygen from Alveoli to blood. Oxygenated blood carried to tissues throughout body
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Musculoskeletal System
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Structure, Stability, Movement
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Human Musculoskeletal System
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Joints, ligaments, cartilage, muscle groups and 206 bones.
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Skeletal muscle
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Voluntary muscle activated my nervous system
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Smooth Muscle
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lines most organs protecting contents and function. Involuntary.
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Cardiac muscle
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Like smooth muscle but have interlocked branched endings to keep muscle fibers from ripping during contractions. Electrical impulses travel in waves from cell to cell causing rhythmic contractions.
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Nervous System
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Communication network. Control over bodily functions and actions.
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Cell body and Axon
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Carry impulses through electrochemical responses
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Synapses
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Meeting point of axon and dendrite where neurotransmitters are exchanged
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Human Nervous System
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Divided into Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
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CNS
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Brain and spinal cord. Control all other organs and systems.
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PNS
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Divided into Sensory Division and Motor Division
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Sensory Division
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Visceral sensory nerves carry impulses from organs to CNS. Somatic nerves from body surface to CNS.
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Motor Division
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Somatic motor nerves and Autonomic
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Autonomic
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Sympathetic nervous system carries impulses that stimulate organs. Parasympathetic carries impulses back from organs.
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The Brain
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Three divisions: Forebrain midbrain and hindbrain
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Forebrain
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Contains Cerebrum, Thalamus, hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
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olfactory Lobes
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Sense of Smell
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Cerebrum
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Sensory and motor response memory, speech, intelligence
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Thalamus
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Integrates senses
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Hypothalamus
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Hunger, thirst, blood pressure, temperature, hostility, pain, pleasure
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Pituitary Gland
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Releases hormones
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Midbrain
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Contains Optic lobes
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Hindbrain
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Consists of cerebellum(balance, equilibrium, muscle coordination.) and Medulla Oblongata (involuntary response like breathing and heart beat.)
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Grey matter
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Nerve tissue in brain
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Myelin Sheath/White matter
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Insulation covering axons
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Circulatory System
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Delivers nutrients and gases to cells and removes waste.
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Open Circulatory system
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Blood bathes internal organs
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Closed circulatory system
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Blood confined to vessels
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Vessels
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Include Arteries, veins, Capillaries
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Blood Flow
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Capillaries exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen. Oxygen carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells. Oxygen enters blood in lungs and travels to heart. Then to arteries(large vessels that carry blood away from heart) to arterioles(small arteries) to Capilaries. Blood picks up CO2 and takes in through capillaries, venules(small veins) and veins(carry blood towards the heart) back to heart and lungs.
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Excretory System
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Waste
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Kidneys
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Filter wast from blood and excrete them as urine into urinary tract
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Urine
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95% water, Urea(from breakdown of proteins), Uric Acid(from breaking down of nucleic acids), creatinin(byproduct of muscle contraction)
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Liver
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Produces Bile from broken down pigments and chemicals and secretes it into small intestine. Breaks down nitrogenous molecules into Urea.
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Lungs
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Excretion of carbon dioxide
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Skin
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Salt, water, urea excrete through sweat glands
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Immune System
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Protects against infection
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Lymphatic system
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Primary infection-fighting organ. Includes lymph, lymph nodes,spleen, thymus and tonsils.
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Lymph
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Collection of excess fluid absorbed from between cells.
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Lymph Nodes
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Filter lymph and produce lymphocytes
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lymphocytes
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Begin in bone marrow as stem cells. B calls and T cells
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B cells
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Emerge from marrow mature and produce antibodis.
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Antibodies
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Find and attach to foreign Antigens(toxins bacteria)
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Spleen
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Contains lymph cells and located in abdomen. Filters larger volumes of lymph than nodes can handle.
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Tonsils
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group of connected lymph cells in throat
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Thymus
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Active in Teen years. Fights infection and produces T-cells
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