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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the only approved antidote for radiation poisoning? (specifically for cesium and thalium)
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Prussian Blue
(hexocyanoferate) |
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How does Antisense stop disease-causing proteins?
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It binds to the mRNA and prevents translation into the disease-causing proteins
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What organization establishes and enforces radiation safety standards for compounding facilities?
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NRC
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What particle[s] is [are] in beta radiation?
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A positron, negatron, or an antineutrino
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Indium-111 emits what kind of radiation?
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Gamma
--it is the diagnostic part of Zevelon |
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Yttrium-90 emits what kind of radiation?
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Beta
--it is the therapeutic part of Zevelon |
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What are the tracers used in PET scans and what are their half-lives?
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C-11 - 20 min
N-13 - 10 min O-15 - 2 min F-18 - 110 min |
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What is the most commonly used tracer for PET scans?
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F-18 in 2-fluorodioxyglucose
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What are the chemically destabilizing processes that protein and peptide drugs are susceptible to?
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deamidation, oxidation, beta-elimination, hydrolysis, disulfide exchange, racemization
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In microencapsulation, what percent of the product weight is wall material?
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2 to 20%
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What can you add to a therapeutic peptide formulation to avoid adsorption?
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Amino acids: Asp, Gly, Glu, His, Lys, Arg
HSA (human serum albumin) 0.1% - 1.0% |
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What is EDTA and what is its function in therapeutic peptide formulation?
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It is a chelating agent; it removes ions binding to proteins thereby improving solubility
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What is the function of PEG in therapeutic peptide formulation?
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It increases stability during freezing and thawing, and it extends the half-life of the protein
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What is the function of polyhydric alcohols in therapeutic peptide formulation?
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Increases stability by increasing water on the surface of the protein
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List the three steps in lyophilization:
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1) freeze
2) dry by sublimation 3) dry by heat |
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What are the four types of excipients needed for lyophilization?
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1. bulking agents
2. tonicity modifiers 3. cryoprotectants 4. lyoprotectants |
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What type of rubber is used for stoppers on protein formulation storage containers? What type of glass should the bottle be made of?
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Butyl rubber; type I glass
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What is the shelf-life of a reconstituted protein drug, if it has preservatives?
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14 days
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Reverse micelles are used to enhance ______ delivery of peptides.
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nasal
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To assess left ventricular function, red blood cells are labeled with which radionuclide?
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Tc-99m
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What is the half-life of Tc-99m?
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6 hours
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What kind of radiation does Tc-99m emit?
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Gamma
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What is the half-life of Sr-89?
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51 days
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Sr-89 emits what kind of radiation?
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Beta
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What is a protein drug with pulmonary delivery?
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Pulmozyme
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What is the half-life of Y-90?
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64.2 hours
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What type of radiation does Indium-111 emit?
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Gamma
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Which has a longer half-life, I-131 or I-123?
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I-131: half-life of 8.04 days
(I-123: half-life of 13 hours) |
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Why does FDG concentrate in tumors for PET scans?
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Tumors take up more glucose than normal tissue; and once FDG is phosphorylated by hexokinase, it cannot leave the cell
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How is acetazolamide (Diamox) used in PET scanning?
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It increases cerebral blood flow --> increases delivery of radionuclide
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How is captopril (Capoten) used in PET scanning?
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It decreases glomerular filtration pressure by preventing vasoconstriction of the renal arterioles --> better renovascular imaging
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How is dipyrimadole (Persantine) used in PET scanning?
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It is an alternative for treadmill stress test, as it increases coronary blood flow by preventing deamination of adenosine, a potent vasodilator.
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If there is some Mo-99 in with your batch of Tc-99m, it does not have (radionuclide purity / radiochemical purity), which may be detected using (gamma ray spectrography / thin-layer chromatograpy).
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radionuclide purity; gamma ray spectrography
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List the four main classes of polymer chains:
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1) linear
2) cross-linked 3) branched 4) dendritic |
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what is a hydrogel?
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it is a polymer that swells without dissolving when placed in an aqueous environment
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By what mechanism do polymer chains break down in a biodegradable dosage form?
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hydrolysis
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List the six requirements of a drug suitable for controlled-release dosage forms:
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1) half-life between 2-8 hours
2) no extensive first-pass clearance 3) uniformly absorbed along GI tract 4) small dose (<500mg) 5) wide margin between MEC and MTC 6) treats chronic conditions |
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List the five classifications of controlled-release systems:
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1) diffusion-controlled
2) dissolution-controlled 3) ion exchange resin 4) osmotic pump 5) gastroretentive |
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Name four wall-forming materials used for membrane-controlled release systems:
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Gelatin
polyvinyl alcohol polyvinyl chloride ethylcellulose |
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When a tablet's inactive ingredients list hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, it indicates what type of controlled-release mechanism?
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diffusion through a hydrophilic matrix
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When a tablet's inactive ingredients list polymethacrylate, it indicates what type of controlled-release mechanism?
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diffusion through an inert (hydrophobic) matrix
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Tussionex uses what kind of controlled-release mechanism?
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Ion exchange resin, as well as a microencapsulation coating of PEG 3350
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What type of controlled-release mechanism do Procardia XL and Glucotrol XL use?
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osmotic pump
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Hydrocolloids are a feature of which class of controlled-release systems?
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gastroretentive
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Which type of transdermal system is best suited for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index?
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Membrane-controlled
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Which type of transdermal system is preferred for drugs with low skin flux?
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Matrix-controlled
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What controlled-release mechanisms does Norplant employ, and for how many years is it approved for use?
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Membrane-covered matrix rod; 5 years
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What are the controlling parameters of the Duros implant?
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membrane permeability;
drug concentration; reservoir size; osmotic engine (the damn thing has miniature pistons!) |
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T/F: The Duros implant may be put into the spinal canal.
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True. Yikes.
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What is the diameter range for a drug delivery liposome?
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10 nanometers to 20 micrometers (the notes say mm, but the book says 30 nanometers to 10 micrometers, so I made the assumption)
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T/F: drug delivery liposomes can only hold amphiphilic drugs.
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False: liposomes can hold lipophilic drugs in the membrane, hydrophilic drugs in the aqueous interior, and amphiphilic drugs adsorbed at the membrane interior.
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Some drug delivery liposomes achieve targeted delivery by being sensitive to ________________?:
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changes in temperature and/or pH
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What is the diameter range of nanoparticles used for drug delivery?
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0.010 to 1.000 micrometers (10 to 1000 nanometers)
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T/F: While nanoparticles increase the stability of drug compounds and allow for high specific applications of drug delivery, they are difficult and expensive to make in large quantities.
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False: they are easily and cheaply made in large quantities.
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What is a dendrimer?
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A highly-branched polymer with attached drug particles and encapsulated drug particles
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What are the four classifications of solutions?
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1) syrup
2) elixir 3) tincture 4) spirit |
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What is the definition of solubility?
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The concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a certain temperature
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T/F: A solubility index of 1 means a drug is very insoluble.
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False: lower numbers are highly soluble, while high numbers (eg 10,000) indicate insolubility.
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How does the U. S. Pharmacopeia and National Formulary indicate the solubility of a drug?
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By the number of milliliters that 1 gram of drug will dissolve into
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What are the three ways to purify water?
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Distillation, reverse osmosis, and ion exchange resins
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What is the primary solvent for organic compounds?
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Ethyl alcohol
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What is the maximum portion of an oral OTC solution that may be alcohol when it is indicated for children 6 years to 12 years old?
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5%
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What solvent is an alternative for alcohol?
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Glycerin
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What type of drugs are syrup vehicles limited to?
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water-soluble
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Why must one take care with heating syrup solutions?
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Heat may invert the sugar form
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T/F: Elixirs are limited to alcohol-soluble drugs.
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False: elixirs can dissolve both water- and alcohol-soluble components
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How much dextrose does an oral rehydration solution typically contain?
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25 grams per liter
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T/F: If an oral rehydration solution is not palatable, it may be mixed with some fruit juice.
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False: do not mix rehydration solutions with fruit juice [nor milk].
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What is the minimum amount of Ca(OH)2 in a limewater solution?
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140 milligrams per 100 milliliters of solution
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What is the residue at the bottom of a bottle of calcium hydroxide solution?
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A combination of extra calcium hydroxide (for maintaining the balance of Ca(OH)2 in solution), and calcium carbonate
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