Zgross - Large Animal Paranasal Sinuses - Final

Front 1

What are the five sinuses of the horse?

Back 1

Conchofrontal sinus (Frontal sinus and Dorsal conchal sinus)

Maxillary sinus CLINICALLY RELEVANT ONE (Rostral maxillary sinus andCaudal maxillary sinus – medial and lateral compartments)

Sphenopalatine sinus

Middle conchal (ethmoidal) sinus

Ventral conchal sinus

Front 2

What is the location of the frontal sinus in the horse? What sinus is it continuous with?

Back 2

Located between the internal and external plates of the frontal bone
Separated into right and left sinuses by a bony median septum
Extends rostrally from the level of the temporomandibular joint to the rostral margin of the orbit
Extends laterally into the zygomatic process of the frontal bone

Is continuous rostrally with the dorsal conchal sinus (part of the conchofrontal sinus)

Front 3

Where is the dorsal conchal sinus of the horse located? What other sinus is it continuous with?

Back 3

Continuous with the frontal sinus (part of the conchofrontal sinus)

Extends rostrally to a plane midway between the rostral margin of the orbit and the infraorbital foramen

Front 4

What are the parts of the conchofrontal sinus?

Back 4

The dorsal conchal sinus and the frontal sinus.

Front 5

What are the surgical boundaries of the conchofrontal sinus of the horse?

Back 5

Caudal boundary:
Transverse plane through the zygomatic process of the frontal bone

Rostral boundary:
Transverse plane midway between the rostral margin of the orbit and the infraorbital foramen

Medial boundary:
Line 2 cm lateral and parallel to the dorsal midline

Lateral boundary:
Line connecting the supraorbital foramen with the rostral end of the medial limit

Front 6

T/F the rostral and caudal compartments of the maxillary sinus communicate with each other in the horse.

Back 6

False. In the horse rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses are separated by an osseous septum positioned approximately 5 cm caudal to the rostral extent of the facial crest.

Rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses communicate with the middle nasal meatus via the nasomaxillary opening, but do not communicate with each other

Front 7

What is the nasomaxillary opening (or aperture) of the horse?

Back 7

Rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses communicate with the middle nasal meatus via the nasomaxillary opening, but do not communicate with each other

Front 8

Don't look at the key! What ages are these foal skulls based on the maxillary sinus size?

Back 8

One month
One year
Four to six years
Over 12 years

In the foal, the maxillary sinus is largely occupied by the developing teeth.

Front 9

What does the rostral maxillary sinus of the horse communicate with?

Back 9

Communicates medially over the infraorbital canal with the ventral conchal sinus

Communicates with the middle nasal meatus by the nasomaxillary opening

Front 10

What does the caudal maxillary sinus of the horse communicate with?

Back 10

Divided by the infraorbital canal into medial and lateral compartments

Lateral compartment communicates with the frontal sinus via the frontomaxillary opening

Medial compartment communicates with the sphenopalatine sinus, middle nasal meatus via the nasomaxillary opening, and the middle conchal (ethmoidal) sinus

Front 11

What is the frontomaxillary opening in the horse? Where is it located.

Back 11

Communication channel between the frontal sinus and the caudal maxillary sinus

Located between the medial angle of the eye and the median plane

Front 12

What are the surgical boundaries of the maxillary sinus in the horse?

Back 12

Caudal boundary:
Rostral border of the orbit

Rostral boundary:
Line from the rostral end of the facial crest to the infraorbital foramen

Ventral boundary:
Facial crest

Dorsal boundary:
Line from the infraorbital foramen parallel to the facial crest

Front 13

Where is the sphenopalatine sinus of the horse located?

Back 13

Caudally located

An excavation of the presphenoid bone

Front 14

Where is the palatine sinus of the horse located?

What does it communicate with?

Back 14

Rostrally located.
Between the two plates of the perpendicular part of the palatine bone.
Located ventral to the ethmoidal labyrinth.

Communicates freely with the caudal maxillary sinus

Front 15

What three parts make up the conchal sinuses of the horse? Where are the three subsinuses located?

Back 15

Dorsal conchal sinus (10) - Communicates with the frontal sinus

Middle conchal sinus (12) - Small, Communicates with the caudal maxillary sinus

Ventral conchal sinus (13) - Communicates with the rostral maxillary sinus

Front 16

What horse sinuses are these.

Back 16

read that caption

Front 17

What are the six paranasal sinuses in the ox?

Back 17

Frontal sinus (Caudal compartment and Rostral compartment)
Maxillary sinus
Palatine sinus
Lacrimal sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Conchal sinuses – dorsal, middle, and ventral

Front 18

Where is the frontal sinus of the ox located?

Back 18

Involves frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal bones
Complete median septum separates right and left sinuses
Extends rostrally to the rostral borders of the orbits and laterally to the temporal crest

Front 19

What are the compartments of the frontal sinus of the ox? Which one is more clinically relevant?

Back 19

Large caudal frontal sinus (more clinically relevant due to dehorning complications)
Two or three small
rostral sinuses
(medial, lateral,
+/- intermediate)

Front 20

What are the three diverticuli of the ox caudal frontal sinus?

Back 20

Nuchal diverticulum

Postorbital diverticulum
Caudal to the orbit

Cornual diverticulum
Within the cornual process

Front 21

What is the connection with the nasal cavity of the caudal frontal sinus of the ox?

Back 21

Opens separately into the caudal part of the nasal cavity (middle nasal meatus) through an ethmoidal meatus

Front 22

What does the rostral frontal sinus of the ox open into?

Back 22

Each sinus opens into an ethmoidal meatus rostrally

Front 23

Why is it better to dehorn ox while they are young?

Back 23

better to dehorn young before the cornual diverticulum has formed and to avoid frontal sinusitis. This is why the caudal frontal sinus is more clinically relevant than the rostral frontal sinus.

Front 24

If you pierced through the lacrimal bulla of the ox, what sinus would you be in?

Back 24

The maxillary sinus.

Front 25

What is the location of the maxillary sinus in the ox?

Back 25

An excavation mainly in the maxillary, lacrimal and zygomatic bones
Not divided by a septum as in the horse
Extends rostrally to the facial tuberosity
Lacrimal bulla is the caudal extent of the maxillary sinus
Roots of the last 3 or 4 cheek teeth project up into the sinus; roots are covered by a plate of bone

Front 26

What does the maxillary sinus of the ox communicate with? Through what openings?

Back 26

Communicates freely with the palatine sinus over the infraorbital canal
Communicates with the middle nasal meatus through the nasomaxillary opening.

Front 27

Where is the palatine sinus of the ox located? What does it communicate with?

Back 27

An excavation in the hard palate

Communicates with the maxillary sinus over the infraorbital canal

Communicates with the middle nasal meatus

Front 28

Where are the maxillary sinus and palatine sinus in this ox skull nasal region between the facial tuber and fourth premolar?

Back 28

4 - maxillary sinus
5 - palatine sinus

Front 29

How would you trephine the maxillary sinus in the ox?

Back 29

In cattle over one year of age – trephine just dorsal and caudal to the facial tuberosity
In cattle under one year of age – trephine approximately one inch farther dorsally than the previous site. The roots of the cheek teeth protrude deeper into the maxillary sinus area in younger cattle.

Front 30

Where are the lacrimal sinuses located in the ox? What does it communicate with?

Back 30

An excavation of the lacrimal bone
Communicates freely with the caudodorsal portion of the maxillary sinus

Front 31

Where is the conchal sinuses located in the ox?

Back 31

Located within the dorsal, ventral and ethmoid conchae

Front 32

Where is the sphenoid sinus located in the ox? Where does it open?

Back 32

Located within the wing of the presphenoid bone
Opens separately into the caudal part of the nasal cavity (middle nasal meatus) through ventral ethmoidal meatuses

Front 33

Where are the frontal sinuses located in the sheep and goat? How many compartments do they have?

Back 33

Located mostly within in the frontal bone, may extend rostrally into the lacrimal bone

There are lateral and medial compartments.

Front 34

Locate the sinuses of the ox.

Back 34

Locate the sinuses of the goat. (they're the same as the ox)

Front 35

Where is the maxillary sinus of the sheep and goat located?

Back 35

Located within the maxillary, zygomatic and lacrimal bones

Front 36

Where is the palatine sinus of the sheep and goat located? What does it communicate with?

Back 36

Mostly located in the palatine process of the maxilla
Communicates with the maxillary sinus at the level of the infraorbital canal

Front 37

What do the maxillary and palatine sinuses open into the middle nasal meatus by in the sheep and goat?

Back 37

the maxillary and palatine sinuses open into the middle nasal meatus by a common opening rostral to the openings of the frontal sinus in the sheep and goat.

Front 38

Which chamber is larger in the maxillary sinus of the sheep and goat?

Back 38

The lateral chamber is larger than the medial chamber and extends caudally into the lacrimall bulla.

Front 39

How would you trephine the caudal frontal sinus in the ox?

Back 39

Just caudal to a transverse plane through the center of the orbits and approximately 1 ½ inches from midline. Need to avoid supraorbital vein.