Zgep Bar Exam All Level 2 Flash Cards

Front 1

ALL LEVEL TWO

Contracts - (10)

Back 1

1. Applicable Law (5)

2. Formation (6)

3. Terms (2)

4. Third Party Rights (3)

5. Conditions (2)

6. Performance (2)

7. Breach (2)

8. Remedies (6)

9. Fixtures (2)

10. Statute of Frauds (4)

Front 2

ALL LEVEL TWO

Contracts - Applicable Law (5)

Back 2

1. C.L.

2. U.C.C.

3. Goods

4. Merchants

5. Mixed Goods/Services Contract - (2)
--->1.) Predominant Factor Test
--->2.) Gravament of Injury Test

Hint 2

1. C.L.
--->CL applies to all other contracts not governed by the UCC.

2. U.C.C.
--->UCC applies to sale of goods.

3. Goods
--->Goods are things moveable at the time of identification to the contract.

4. Merchants
--->Merchants are persons who deal in or have special knowledge of the kinds of goods involved i the transaction.

5. Mixed Goods/Services Contract - (2)
--->1.) Predominant Factor Test
--->2.) Gravament of Injury Test

Front 3

ALL LEVEL TWO

Contracts - Formation (6)

Back 3

1. Offer*

2. Termination*

3. Acceptance*

* = Agreement

4. Consideration

5. Modification - (2)
--->C.L.: Modification needs consideration.
--->U.C.C.: Good Faith modification of K w/o consideration

6. Defenses

Hint 3

1. Offer*
Manifestation of present intent to enter a bargan communicated in definite and certain terms to an identifiable offeree. An offer confers th power to create a conract by taking specific action.

2. Termination*
--->Revocation
--->Rejection
--->Operation of Law - Death, Destruction, time lapse

3. Acceptance*
Unconditional assent to be bound by the offer (Mailbox Rule - effective on dispatch)

* = Agreement

4. Consideration
Promise or act in exchange for promise or act in which there is legal detriment

5. Modification - (2)
--->C.L.: Modification needs consideration.
--->U.C.C.: Good Faith modification of K w/o consideration

6. Defenses
--->To Formation
--->To capacity
--->To enforcement

Front 4

ALL LEVEL TWO

Contracts - Terms (2)

Back 4

1. C.L. - Parol Evidence

2. U.C.C. - (2)
--->1.) Parol Evidence
--->2.) Warranties

Hint 4

1. C.L. - Parol Evidence:
Evidence of any prior agreement, or contemporaneous oral agreement, is inadmissible to vary terms of K if the written K is intended as a complete and final expression of th parties.

--->EXCEPTIONS:
--->1.) Fraud
--->2.) Formation defect
--->3.) Condition Precedent
--->4.) Collateral Agreement
--->5.) To explain an ambiguity
--->6.) Subsequent Agreements are not inadmissible under the parol evidence rule.

2. U.C.C. - (2)
--->1.) Parol Evidence Exceptions:
---->(a.) Dealings
---->(b.) Performance
---->(c.) Trade Usage
---->(d.) ***PLUS ALL OF THE ABOVE***

--->2.) Warranties: (3)
---->(a.) Express - (Basis of the Bargain)
---->(b.) Implied - Merchantability & Fitness for intended use
---->(c.) Disclaimer

Front 5

ALL LEVEL TWO

Contracts - Third Party Rights (3)

Back 5

1. Third Party Beneficiary

2. Assignment

3. Delegation

Hint 5

1. THIRD PARTY BENEFICIARY
---> Contract intended for the benefit of a third party.

--->Parties: (3)
--->1.) Promisee
--->2.) Promisor
--->3.) Beneficiary

2. ASSIGNMENT
---> Present transfer of one's rights under a contract. Assignments are generally valid without consideration.

--->Parties: (3)
--->1.) Assignor
--->2.) Assignee
--->3.) Obligor

3. DELEGATION
---> Transfer of one's duties under a contract. Delegations are generally valid without consideration.

--->Parties: (3)
--->1.) Delegator
--->2.) Delegee
--->3.) Obligee

---> Delegations are generally valid unless the obligee has a substantial interest in having the delegator perform.

Front 6

ALL LEVEL 2

Contracts - Conditions (2)

Back 6

1. Is there a Condition?

2. Has it been excused?

Hint 6

1. IS THERE A CONDITION?
--->An event that must be excused or satisfied before a duty to perform becomes absolute.

--->Distinction: Express -OR- Implied by law

--->Types: Precedent; Concurrent; Subsequent

2. HAS IT BEEN EXCUSED?
--->Non-occurence of a condition may be completely excused, thereby triggering performance in the other party.

--->Voluntarily relinquishing a right -- Waiver -OR- Estoppel

--->Conduct causing breach: (2)
--->(a.) Anticipatory Repudiation - Definite and unequivocal language that a party intends not to perform. The aggrieved party can await performance or resort to breach remedies.

--->(b.) Wrongful Prevention - AR by conduct - party prevents occurrence of a condition.

Front 7

ALL LEVEL 2

Contracts - Performance - (2)

Back 7

1. Satisfied

2. Discharged - (3)
--->1.) Impossibility
--->2.) Impracticability
--->3.) Frustration

Hint 7

1. SATISFIED

--->C.L.: Complete Performance -&/OR- Substantial Performance.

--->U.C.C.: Perfect Tender Rule; Cure; Rejection; Acceptance.

2. DISCHARGED - (3)
--->1.) Impossibility
--->2.) Impracticability
--->3.) Frustration

Front 8

ALL LEVEL 2

Contracts - Breach (2)

Back 8

1. Major

2. Minor

Hint 8

Unjustified failure to perform an obsolute duty

1. MAJOR/Material Breach (Basis of Bargain)
--->Non-breaching party does not receive the substantial benefit of his bargain.

2. MINOR
--->Must continue performance, but can sue for damages, Plaintiff gets substantial basis of his bargain.

Front 9

ALL LEVEL 2

Contracts - Remedies (6)

Back 9

1. DAMAGES

2. RESTITUTION

3. SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE - (IDFMD) - (5)
--->1.) Inadequate Legal Remedy
--->2.) Definite & Certain Terms
--->3.) Feasibility of Enforcement
--->4.) Mutuality
--->5.) Defenses

4. REPLEVIN

5. RECISSION / REFORMATION

6. INJUNCTION - (3)
--->1.) T.R.O.
--->2.) Preliminary
--->3.) Permanent

Hint 9

1. DAMAGES: (6)
--->(1) General (Expectation/Benefit of Bargain) (UCC-Damage Rules)
--->(2) Consequential (Reasonably foreseeable at time of K)
--->(3) Liquidated (Specified in K)
--->(4) Punitive
--->(5) Reliance
--->(6) Issues: Must be: Certain; Unavoidable; Duty to mitigate.

2. RESTITUTION - (Quasi-K)
--->Unjust enrichment (benefit conferred).

3. SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE - (IDFMD) - (5)
--->1.) Inadequate Legal Remedy
--->2.) Definite & Certain Terms
--->3.) Feasibility of Enforcement
--->4.) Mutuality
--->5.) Defenses: Unclean Hands; Laches; Hardship; Unconscionability; Material Misrepresentation.

4. REPLEVIN - (UCC) - immediate recovery of actual goods

5. RECISSION / REFORMATION
--->Recission - Undo K

--->Reformation - Reform K to conform to original agreement

6. INJUNCTION - (3)
--->1.) T.R.O.
--->2.) Preliminary
--->3.) Permanent

Front 10

ALL LEVEL 2

Contracts - Fixtures (2)

Back 10

1. Proper Filing

2. Priority Rules

Hint 10

Goods that have become so affixed to realty that they become part of the realty. Chattel interest may become subordinate to real property interest unlessprotected by Article 9.

1. Proper Filing
--->Proper filing gives priority over competing real property interests.
2. Priority Rules
--->A perfected security interest in fixtures has priority over conflicting interests.

Front 11

ALL LEVEL 2

Contracts - Statute of Frauds (4)

Back 11

1. Governs

2. Requires

3. Covers

4. Exceptions

Hint 11

1. Governs contracts that must be in writing

2. Requires:
--->Identity of Parties
--->Subject Matter
--->Consideration
--->Signed by party to be charged

3. Covers:
--->Land
--->Marriage
--->Debt of Another
--->Cannot be completed in One Year
--->Sale of Goods -- $500 or more

4. Exceptions
--->C.L.: (3)
--->(a.) Sufficient memo signed by party to be charged
--->(b.) Part performance
--->(c.) Estoppel

--->U.C.C.: (6)
--->(a.) Sufficient memo signed by party to be charged
--->(b.) Written confirmation
--->(c.) Part performance/Payment
--->(d.) Specially manufactured goods
--->(e.) Admissions
--->(f.) Estoppel

Front 12

ALL LEVEL 2

Torts - (8)

Back 12

1. Intentional Torts (7)

2. Defamation / Privacy (2)

3. Negligence (7)

4. Strict Liability (2)

5. Vicarious Liability (3)

6. Products Liability (6)

7. Other Torts (5)

8. Remedies (3)

Front 13

ALL LEVEL 2

Torts - Intentional Torts (7)

Back 13

1. Assault

2. Battery

3. False Imprisonment

4. I.I.E.D.

5. Trespass to Land

6. Tresspass to Chattel

7. Conversion

Hint 13

1. Assault
--->Act with intent to cause reasonable apprehension of imminent harmful or offensive touching.

2. Battery
--->Intentional harmful or offensive touching of another (without consent - consent is a defense)

3. False Imprisonment
--->Intentional physical or psychological confinement of another within fixed boundaries

4. I.I.E.D.
--->Conduct of an extreme or outrageous nature calculated to cause and des cause severe emotional damages -- (intent or reckless - acting with disregard for high probability of emotion distress).

5. Trespass to Land
--->Intentional entry upon land in possession of another without consent --- (Harm not needed).

6. Tresspass to Chattel
--->Intentional interference with chattel in possession of another (e.g., vandalism - interference with right to possession)

7. Conversion
--->Intentional exercise of wrongful dominion or control over chattel of another -- (without consent - e.g., theft).

Front 14

ALL LEVEL 2

Torts - Defamation & Privacy (2)

Back 14

1. Defamation

2. Privacy

Hint 14

1. Defamation
--->Defamatory statement of or concerning plaintiff published to a 3P that results in damage.

2. Privacy: (5)
--->(1) Appropriation of Name/Likeness: MUST SHOW (2)
---->(a) Unauthorized Use of plaintiff's identity/likeness
---->(b) For Commercial Advantage

--->(2) Intrusion Upon Seclusion: (3)
---->(a) Offensive intrusion
---->(b) into private life
---->(c) Noe that publication is not necessary and consent is the only defense.

--->(3) Public Disclosure of Private Facts: (4)
---->(a) Highly Offensive (reasonable person standard)
---->(b) Truth No Defense
---->(c) Private (Not Public Record)
---->(d) Publicity (Widespread - to the general public or likely to reach them)

--->(4) Portrayal in a False Light:
---->***Attributing to plaintiff views he does not have or actions he did not take***

--->(5) Defenses: (4)
---->(a) Consent - (defense to all 4 privacy torts)
---->(b) Truth (for false light)
---->(c) All defamation privileges
---->(d) Newsworthiness (for appropriation of Name/Likeness, Public Disclosure of Private Facts)

Front 15

ALL LEVEL 2

Torts - Negligence (7)

Back 15

1. Duty

2. Special Duty

3. Breach

4. Actual Cause

5. Proximate Cause

6. Damages

7. Defenses

Hint 15

NEGLIGENCE:
--->Breach of Duty of Care Which is the Actual & Proximate Cause of Plaintiff's Damages.


1. DUTY:
--->Duty to Act as reasonably prudent person (RPP) Under Circumstances (must enumerate specifically what D's duty was).

2. SPECIAL DUTY: (5)
--->1.) Violation of Statute: (3)
---->(a) Civil: If a statute establishes civil liability, it conclusively establishes not only duty, but also standard of care.

---->(b) Criminal: Class of Persons - & - Class at Risk

---->(c) Effect of breach of satute: negligence per se (duty/breach)

--->2.) Omission Where: (6)
---->(a) General Rule - no duty
---->(b) Special Relationship
---->(c) Instrumentality Under Defendants control
---->(d) Statutory
---->(e) Creation of Peril
---->(f) Voluntary Undertaking

--->3.) Landowner: (4)
---->(a) Duties Outside Land - no duty as to natural conditions, artificial = duty to inspect.
---->(b) Trespasser: Undiscovered - no duty; Discovered - post warning of known danger; Infant - Attractive Nuisance Doctrine.
---->(c) Licensee - warn or make safe (known dangers)
---->(d) Invitee - highest duty: must make reasonable inspection, warn of all known dangers or those discoverable by inspection.

--->4.) Lessor - Lessor has a duty (under modern majority) and can be held liable along with the possessor tenant.

--->5.) N.I.E.D. - Duty to avoid causing distress to another: Duty breached when defendant creates a foreseeable risk of physical injury through impact or threat of impact.

3. BREACH: (2)
--->1. Ask what was the specific wrongful behavior that flows from the duty.
--->2. 4 ways to show breach: Direct; Circumstantial; Violation of Statute; Res Ipsa Loquitur.

4. ACTUAL CAUSE: Tests (3)
--->1.) "But For"
--->2.) Substantial Facts
--->3.) Alternate Causes (Summers v. Tice)

5. PROXIMATE CAUSE:
--->Defendant is liable for all foreseeable harmful results of his conduct.
--->Cuts off liability when results are unforeseeable, even though defendant is the "but for" cause.
--->Direct: Uniterrupted chain of events
--->Indirect:
--->Special Rules: (2)
---->(a) Foreseeable Plaintiff
---->(b) Thin-skulled/Eggshell Plaintiff

6. DAMAGES: (3)
--->1.) See Remedies

--->2.)Rules: (2)
---->(a) Avoidable Consequences Rule
---->(b) Collateral Source Rule

--->3.) Issues: (5)
---->(a) Joint and Several Liability
---->(b) Contribution
---->(c) Indemnity
---->(d) Satisfaction
---->(e) Release

7. DEFENSES: (3)
--->1.) Comparative (Bar Rule):
---->(a) Compare negligence of Plaintif and Defendant and apportion the blame
---->(b) Types: (2)
-------->(i) Pure - Plaintiff recovers even if 95% at fault
-------->(ii) Partial - Plaintiff recovers only if his negligence is equal or less than defendant's

--->2.) Contributory (OLD Rule): (2)
---->(a.) Failure to use relevant degree of care for his own safety (complete bar to recovery)
---->(b.) Last Clear Chance: Exception to Contributory; Raised by Plaintiff - Defendant must have been able, but failed to avoid harming plaintiff.

--->3.) Assumption of the Risk (AR): (2)
---->(a.) Plaintiff assumes risk where: (i) knowledge (appreciation of danger) -- & -- (ii) volutarily encounters.
---->(b.) Effect = complete bar to recovery
---->(c.) Rescuers never assume the risk.
---->(b.)

Front 16

ALL LEVEL 2

Torts - Strict Liability (2)

Back 16

1. Animals

2. Ultrahazardous Activity

Hint 16

1. Animals
---> An owner or keeper of wild animals will be SL for any harm caused by Animal's dangerous propensities.
---> Distinction: (2)
-------->(i) Domestic: No strict liability unless D has knowledge
-------->(ii) Wild Animals: Harm must be from dangerous propensities

2. Ultrahazardous Activity:
--->One who maintains an abnormally dangerous activity may be liable despite exercise of reasonable care.

--->Elements: (6)
---->(a) Activity involves risk of serious harm
---->(b) D unable to eliminate risk even with reasonable care
---->(c) Activity uncommon in area where carried out
---->(d) Balance - danger vs. value to community
---->(e) Causation
---->(f) Damages

Front 17

ALL LEVEL 2

Torts - Vicarious Liability (3)

Back 17

1. Respondeat Superior

2. Independent Contractor

3. Parent-Child

Hint 17

VICARIOUS LIABILITY
--->uses concept of imputed negligence: the negligence of one person may be imputed to another because of an existing relationship between them.

1. RESPONDEAT SUPERIOR:
--->Employer is vicariously liable for torts of employee within the course & scope of employment.

--->Issues: (3)
---->(a) Frolic and Detour
---->(b) Intentional Tort
---->(c) Borrowed Servant Rule

--->Compare with negligent hiring: we get D (employer) directly for his own negligence.

2. INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR
--->Principal not liable for torts of agent if agent Independent Contractor.

--->Exceptions: (2)
---->(a.) Inherently Dangerous Activity
---->(b.) Non-delegable Duty - Responsibilities so important that employer should not be permitted to transfer the duty to another.

***JOINT ACTIVITY: Each member of a partnership or joint venture is vicariously liable for torts of another member committed within the scope of the relationship

***AUTO: One is generally not vicariously liable for conduct of another driving one's auto.

3. PARENT - CHILD
--->Parent not liable.

--->Exceptions: (3)
---->(a) Negligent Entrustment
---->(b) Child of Known dangerous propensitities
---->(c) Child as parent's agent + many parental responsibility laws. (exp. Columbine shooting cases)

Front 18

ALL LEVEL 2

Torts - Products Liability (6)

Back 18

1. Strict Liability in Tort

2. Negligence

3. Implied Warranties

4. Express Warranties

5. Misrepresentation

6. Intent Theory

Hint 18

PRODUCTS LIABILITY:
--->Products liability refers to the liability of a commercial seller who supplies a defective product that causes personal injury or property damage.

1. Strict Liability in Tort
--->A commercial seller (i.e., one engaged in the business of selling or distributing products) who places a defective product in the stream of commerce is strictly liable in tort for injuries to persons or property causes by a foreseeable use of the product.

2. Negligence
--->See negligence

3. Implied Warranties
--->Types: (2)
---->(a.) Merchantability: Goods of fair & average quality; fit for ordinary purporse (includes absence of warning label).

---->(b.) Intended Use: Product must be fit for its intended use and buyer must rely on seller's recommendation.

4. Express Warranties
--->Statement of fact or promise by a commercial seller creates an express warranty that becomes part of the basis of the bargain.

5. Misrepresentation
--->Commercial seller is liable for material misrepresentations of fact.

6. Intent Theory - (Battery)
--->Commercial seller is lible for injuries caused by an usafe product if defendant intended the consequences (exp., exploding cigars)

Front 19

ALL LEVEL 2

Torts - Other Torts (5)

Back 19

1. Nuisance

2. Misrepresentation

3. Business Torts

4. Improper Litigation

5. Legal Malpractice

Hint 19

1. NUISANCE
--->Substantial, unreasonable interference with another's us & enjoyment o property (e.g., dust, smoke, chemicals, criminals).

***NOTE: If you get a nuisance hypothetical, you must do an injunction analysis.

--->Types: (2)
---->(a) Public: Act unreasonably interferes with health, safety, or property right of community -- & -- To recover, must siffer some unique damage.
---->(b) Private:

--->Remedies: (3)
---->(a) Damages
---->(b) Injunction
---->(c) Abatement by Self-Help

2. MISREPRESENTATION: (2)

--->1.) Intentional (Fraud): A misrepresentation of material fact made knowingly with intent to induce plaintiff's reliance, causing plaintiff to justifiably rely to his detriment.

--->2.) Negligent: False material misrepresentation of material fact which is made with a lack of due care, inteded to induce reliance to proximately cause plaintiff's damage (limited to commercial/professional setting).

3. BUSINESS TORTS: (2)
--->1.) Interference with Contract: words or actions by defendant intentionally interfering with existing contract of plaintiff, causing damages.

--->2.) Interference with Prospective Advantage:

---> General Prima Facie Case: (3)
---->(a) Valid relationship or business expectation
---->(b) Defendant has knowledge of relationship or expectation
---->(c) Intentional interference by defendant inducing breach or termination of expectancy
---->(d) Damages

4. IMPROPER LITIGATION: (3)
--->1.) Malicious Prosecution - (Criminal): Initiation of criminal proceedings against plaintiff that terminates in plaintiff's favor and for which there was no probable cause and an improper purpose, resulting in damage to plaintiff.

--->2.) Wrongful Civil Proceedings (same as criminal, except civil)

--->3.) Abuse of Process: Use of criminal or civil process for purposes for which it was not intended. Must be intentional misuse for an ulterior purpose; calculated to cause damage.

5. LEGAL MALPRACTICE - (Professional Negligence):
--->As such, remember that P must prove damages - that had the breach of duty not occurred, P would have had a better legal outcome. That ususally means that the big issue is P's original cause of action (civil or criminal) and whether P would have prevailed in it had there been no breach of professional duty.

Front 20

ALL LEVEL 2

Torts - Remedies (3)

Back 20

1. Damages

2. Restitution

3. Injunction

Hint 20

***LEGAL***
1. Damages: (3)
--->1.) General: Must Be - Causal + Foreseeable + Certain + Unavoidable
--->2.) Punitive
--->3.) Nominal

2. Restitution: (4)
--->1.) Assumpsit
--->2.) Replevin
--->3.) Detinue (Bailee)
--->4.) Ejectment

***EQUITABLE***
1. Restitution: (5)
--->1.) Constructive Trust*
--->2.) Equitable Lien*
--->3.) Tracing Rules*
--->4.) Commingling Rules*
* = The legal theory can simploy be unjust enrichment.
--->5.) Defenses - Sale to BFP cuts off remedies against BFP.

2. Injunction: (5)
--->1.) Inadequancy of legal remedy
--->2.) Property Right (ML - Personal rights)
--->3.) Feasibility: (i) Supervision; (ii) Negative or Mandatory; (iii) Jurisdiction.
--->4.) Balance: TRO, Preliminary, Permanent
--->5.) Defenses: Laches; Unclean Hands; Freedom of Speech (Prior Restraint); Criminal Act.

Front 21

ALL LEVEL 2

Evidence - (5)

Back 21

1. Form (2)

2. Purpose (3)

3. Presentation (4)

4. Hearsay (3)

5. Privileges (5)

Front 22

ALL LEVEL 2

Evidence - Form (2)

Back 22

What is the form of the evidence or question?

1. Basic Rules

2. Objections

Hint 22

1. Basic Rules: (3)
--->1.) Rule 611(a): The court shall exercise control to: (3)
---->(a) make interrogation effective for ascertainment of truth
---->(b) avoid needless consumption of time
---->(c) protect W from harassment; undue embarrassment

--->2.) Rule 611(b): (2)
---->(a) Cross generally limited to subject of direct
---->(b) Exception - court discretion

--->3.) Rule 611(c): (3)
---->(a) Leading questions should not be used on direct. A leading question is one that suggests an answer.
---->(b) Exceptions: (i) Hostile W; (ii) adverse party
---->(c) Other exceptions (not in 611(c)): (i) foundational; (ii) to refresh recollection; (iii) handicapped W; (iv) expert.
2. Objections
---Ambiguous
---Argumentative
---Asked & Answered
---Assuming Facts not in Evidence
---Authentication Lacking
---Beyond Scope of Direct
---Calls for Speculation
---Calls for a Narrative
---Calls for a Legal Conclusion
---Calls for an Expert Opinion
---Compound
---Improper Character Evidence
---Hearsay
---Improper Impeachment
---Irrelevant
---Nonresponsive (motion to strike)
---Leading, on Direct

Front 23

ALL LEVEL 2

Evidence - Purpose (3)

Back 23

What is it being offered for?

1. Logical Relevance

2. Legal Relevance

3. Character

Hint 23

1. LOGICAL RELEVANCE
--->Tendency to make existence of any fact of consequence more or less probable.

2. LEGAL RELEVANCE:
--->Disrecretionary rule of exclusion

--->Policy Exclusions

--->***Prejudicial Impact (403)***: Evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by: (4)
---->(a) unfair prejudice
---->(b) confusion of issue
---->(c) misleading to jury
---->(d) consideration of undue delay / waste of time / cumulative evidence.

3. CHARACTER:
--->Evidence of character is inadmissable to show defendant acted in conformity therewith.

--->EXCEPTIONS: (5)
---->(a) Character at issue
---->(b) Habit
---->(c) Criminal: Prosecutor may not, in his cae in chief, introduce evidence of defendant's bad character to show he acted in conformity on a particular occasion.
-------->(i) Exception - Mercy Rule defendant reputation & opinion (R/O)/ prosecutor rebuts (R/O, and on cross-exam, specific acts in the form of "have you heard/did you know." No etrinsic evidence - must take W's response).
-------->(ii) Exceptions: MIMIC (not offered for its truth): Motive; Intent; Mistake or absence of; Identification; Common scheme.
---->Victims Exception: if defendant argues self-defense, prosecution may present evidence of victim's relevant good character (i.e., peacefulness).
---->(d)
---->(e)

Front 24

ALL LEVEL 2

Evidence - Presentation (4)

Back 24

How is it to be presented?

1. Witnesses

vs.

2. Documents

3. Opinion

4. Substitutes

Hint 24

1. WITNESSES: (2)
--->1.) Competency: (4)
---->(a) W must have personal knowledge (or it's hearsay/opinion/speculation)
---->(b) must be able to understand & tell the truth
---->(c) If child, must be able to observe, recall & communicate
---->(d) If insane, must be able to receive, recall & communicate info.

--->2.) Impeachment: Impeachment is done to attack credibility (i.e., o create doubt that the witness' testimony can be trusted).
---->(a) Methods: (4)
-------->(i) Character for truth/veracity -- (The witness is a liar) (2):

------------>Reputation & opinion (R/O) - extrinsic evidence of character for truth admissible only after attacked

------------>Specific Bad Acts - Allowed on cross only, Except prior convictions:
--------------------> If dishonesty (embezzlement, fraud, perjury), admissible with no discretion & no balancing.

-------------------->If other felony: D on Stand: robative value must outweigh risk of unfair prejudice; W not the accused: 403 test (probative value substantially outweighed by prejudicial impact)

-------------------->10-yr Rule = reverse 403 test - keeps out stale evidence - use date of conviction or release, whichever is latest.

-------->(ii) Bias/Motive - Lay foundation (ask W about facts relating to bias), then extrinsic okay.
-------->(iii) Prior Inconsistent Statement - Extrinsic okay, unless collateral
-------->(iv) Defect in memory/Perception/Knowledge (extrinsic OK)

2. DOCUMENTS: (5)
--->1.) Relevant
--->2.) Authenticated
--->3.) Best Evidence Rule -- Where contents of a writing are at issue, use original or show unabailable through no fault of proponent.
-------->(i) Contents: (i) Independent legal significance; (ii) Offered as proof of a fact; (iii) W's testimony dependent on contents.
--->4.) Hearsay
--->5.) Privileges

3. OPINION: (2)
--->1.) Lay: Inadmissible - no legal conclusions and no speculation; Sensory opinion with common experience + opportunity to observe.

--->2.) Expert: (4)
---->(a) Assists fact finder; &
---->(b) Qualified; &
---->(c) Opinion within scope of expertise; &
---->(d) Based on evidence reasonably relied on by experts

4. SUBSTITUTES: (4)
---->1.) Judicial Notice
---->2.) Stipulations
---->3.) Burdens of proof and production
---->4.) Presumptions (shift burdens)

Front 25

ALL LEVEL 2

Evidence - Hearsay (3)

Back 25

Is this hearsay?

1. Exclusions

2. Exemptions

3. Exceptions

Hint 25

***APPROACH***
--->Define hearsay: out-of-court statement offered for the truth of the matter stated.
--->General Rule: Absent an exception or exemption, hearsay is inadmissible.
--->Exception (by elements)

1. EXCLUSIONS - (Not offered for truth): (6)
--->1.) Nonassertive conduct - (someone sneezes)

--->2.) Verbal Acts/Legally operative facts (e.g., words of K; defamatory words)

--->3.) Effect on listener

--->4.) State of mind of declarant to show: (5)
---->(a) Intent
---->(b) Attitude
---->(c) Belief
---->(d) Knowledge
---->(e) Insanity

--->5.) Non-human evidence - animals (includes parrots)

--->6.) Impeachment (is non-hearsay)

2. EXEMPTIONS - (Non H.S.): (2)
--->1.) Prior Statements - Declarant is a trial witness, subject to cross: (3)
---->(a) Prior inconsiste statement (if prior swon, substantive)
---->(b) Prior consistent statement (to rebut fabrication/undue influence - made before motive to lie
---->(c) Prior identification (by testifying W, after perceiving)

--->2.) Admissions - Must be offered against a party: (5)
---->(a) Party = must be offered against the party: no personal knowledge needed
---->(b) Adoptive - e.g., by silence
---->(c) Authorized
---->(d) Agent within scope - must be made while employment relationship exists
---->(e) Co-conspirator - during & in furtherance of conspiracy

3. EXCEPTIONS: (4)
--->1.) Uavailability Type: (2):
---->(a) Civil + Criminal (but not testimonial hearsay) -- Admissible if "firmly rooted exception" or bears "particularized guarantees of trustworthiness"
-------->(i) Former testimony
-------->(ii) Declaration Against Interest
-------->(iii) Dying Declaration
-------->(iv) Family or Personal History
-------->(v) Forfeiture by wrongdoing

---->(b) Criminal-testimonial hearsay - testimonial hearsay inadmissible unless D gets rght to confrontation.
--------> Testimonial Hearsay: (3)
-------------------->(i) Prior testimony at prelim. hearing / prior trial
-------------------->(ii) Grand jury testimony
-------------------->(iii) Police interrogation

--->2.) Reliability Type: (4)
---->(a) Excited Utterance
---->(b) Present Sense Impression
---->(c) Bodily condition
---->(d) State of Mind (to show intent - relates to a future event)

--->3.) Documentary Type: (6)
---->(a) Business Record/Absence
---->(b) Past Recollection Recorded (+ past recollection refreshed)
---->(c) Official Records
---->(d) Ancient ocuments (20 years)
---->(e) Statements affecting property interests
---->(f) Learned Treatises

--->4.) Other: (4)
---->(a) Reputation: (4)
------->(i) Personal Family
------->(ii) Character
------->(iii) Land Boundaries
------->(iv) Community History
---->(b) Families
---->(c) Market Reports/Commercial Publications
---->(d) Residual

Front 26

ALL LEVEL 2

Evidence - Privileges (5)

Back 26

Is it privileged?

1. Privileged Relationship

2. Confidential Communication

3. Holder

4. Waiver

5. Exceptions

Hint 26

Protects against compelled disclosure (in a judicial proceeding) of confidential communications obtained in the context of a protected relationship.

1. PRIVILEGED RELATIONSHIP: (5)
--->1.) Doctor (patient is holder)

--->2.) Lawyer (client is holder)

--->3.) Marital (2)
---->(a) Spousal/Testimonial - (criminal cases only): (4)
-------->(i) Applies to all adverse testimony
-------->(ii) before or during marriage
-------->(iii) holder = witness spouse
-------->(iv) Ends with the end of the marriage

---->(b) Confidential marital communication - (criminal & civil cases): (4)
------->(i) Made between spouses while H & W
------->(ii) Either spouse holder
------->(iii) Lasts forever
------->(iv) Must be confidential

--->4.) Clergy - EACH is the holder

--->5.) Psychotherapist: (3)
---->(a) Psychiatrist*
---->(b) Psychlogist*
---->(c) Social worker*
* = (Client is holder)

2. CONFIDENTIAL COMMUNICATION: (2)
--->1.) is presumed - burden on opponent to show not confidential
--->2.) unknown eavesdropper does not destroy confidentiality

3. HOLDER: Holder of the privilege should be identified

4. WAIVER: (2)
--->1.) Voluntarily reveal
--->2.) Fail to object

5. EXCEPTIONS: (4)
--->1.) Suit between professional & client or accusation of professional misconduct by client against professional
--->2.) Suit between joint holders (of the privilege)
--->3.) Comunication designed to further a fraud
--->4.) Now deceased, disposition of property

Front 27

ALL LEVEL 2

Criminal Law - (6)

Back 27

1. General Principles (2)

2. Crimes against the person (2)

3. Crimes against Habitation (2)

4. Theft Crimes (6)

5. Inchoate Offenses (4)

6. Defenses (3)

Front 28

ALL LEVEL 2

Criminal Law - General Principles (2)

Back 28

1. General Elements of a Crime

2. Mental States

Hint 28

1. GENERAL ELEMENTS OF A CRIME: (3)
--->1.) Actus Reas - (An Act): (3)
---->(a) All crimes require a voluntary act
---->(b) Exception - Omissions if: (5)
-------->(i) Special relationship
-------->(ii) statutory
-------->(iii) contractual
-------->(iv) voluntary undertaking
-------->(v) creation of peril
---->(c) Bad thoughts are not illegal

--->2.) Mens Rea - (Mental State): (2)
---->(a) C.L.: (3)
-------->(i) Specific Intent: Intent to do some purpose beyond the actus reus of the crime
-------->(ii) General Intent: Intent to commit the actus reus of the crime
-------->(iii) Malice/Reckless: Deliberate ill will; reckless disregard for consequences

---->(b) Model Penal Code: (4)
-------->(i) Purposefully: Acting purposefully to dothe forbidden act or bring about the forbidden result
-------->(ii) Knowingly: Acting with awareness of the nature of his conduct or that such conduct will cause a particular result
-------->(iii) Recklessly: Conscious disregard for a substantial and unjustified risk.
-------->(iv) Negligently: Should be aware of a substantial and unjustified risk or result of certain conduct.

--->3.) Concurrence - (Actus Reus + Mens Rea) - MUST occur together


2. MENTAL STATES: (4)
--->1.) Specific Intent: (4)
---->(a) Inchoate offenses - (attempt crimes)
---->(b) First Degree Murder (created by statute)
---->(c) Assault
---->(d) All C.L. Felonies Against Property: (2)
-------->(i) Habitation
-------->(ii) Theft

--->2.) General Intent (all others unless Strict Liability): (4)
---->(a) Battery
---->(b) Rape
---->(c) Kidnapping
---->(d) False Imprisonment

--->3.) Malice/Reckless: (3)
---->(a) Second Degree Murder
---->(b) Arson
---->(c) Mayhem

--->4.) Strict Liability - (convicted if proven you committed the act --- removes mens rea requirement): (3)
---->(a) Statutory Rape
---->(b) Selling Liquor to a Minor
---->(c) Bigamy

Front 29

ALL LEVEL 2

Criminal Law - Crimes against the person (2)

Back 29

1. HOMICIDE

2. NON-HOMICIDE: (5)
--->1.) Assault & Battery
--->2.) Mayhem
--->3.) False Imprisonment
--->4.) Kidnapping
--->5.) Rape

Hint 29

HOMICIDE: Killing of a human being caused by another.

1. HOMICIDE

***COMMON LAW*** (2)
--->1.) Causation:
---->(a) Actual cause -- but for . . . &
---->(b) Proximat cause -- it's foreseeable (watch out for when victim commits suicide).

***---AND---***

--->2.) Mens Rea (Malice): (4)
---->(a) Intent to kill (substantial certainty that death will occur)
---->(b) Intent to do serious bodily injury
---->(c) Wanton/depraved heart (Reckless indifference)
---->(d) Felony Murder: Death caused in commission or attempt of inherently dangerous felony (majority - any dangerous felony)
------------>Malice is implied from intent to commit underlying felony.
------------>Killing must be foreseeable.

------------>Inherently dangerous felonies: (8)
-------------------------->(1): Burglary
-------------------------->(2): Arson
-------------------------->(3): Rape
-------------------------->(4): Robbery
-------------------------->(5): Mayhem
-------------------------->(6): Kidnapping
-------------------------->(7): Sodomy
-------------------------->(8): Sexual Molest

------------>Defenses to F.M.: (5)
-------------------------->(1): Defense to underlying felony
-------------------------->(2): Killing must be foreseeable
-------------------------->(3): Point of temporary safety
-------------------------->(4): Redline Rule (D not liable for death of co-felony by cop/victim)
-------------------------->(5): Felony must be independent of the killing

***MODEL PENAL CODE*** (2)
--->1.) If Malice: (3)
---->(a) First Degree: (4)
-------->(i) FM, - or -
-------->(ii) Premeditation, - or -
-------->(iii) Poison / Bomb / Ambush / Torture
-------->(iv) Specific Intent Defenses: Voluntary Intoxication or Any mistake of fact.

---->(b) Second Degree: (3)
-------->(i) All murder not elevated by satute to 1st degree (i.e., everything other than 1st degree)
-------->(ii) Old C.L. defn: Killing "with malice" - the "malice" is anything not 1st degree murder.
-------->(iii) NO specific intent defense.

---->(c) Defenses: (3)
-------->(i) Justification: Defense of self or other; - or - Crime Prevention; - or - Necessity
-------->(ii) Excuse: Infancy; - or - Insanity; - or - Intoxication
-------->(iii) Mitigation (down to voluntary manslaughter): (4)
-------------------->(1): Heat of Passion
-------------------->(2): Imperfect Self-Defense
-------------------->(3): Mistaken Justification
-------------------->(4): Diminished Capacity
--->1.) If NO Malice: (1)
---->(a) Involuntary Manslaughter: (2)
------->(i) Criinal Negligence, - or -
------->(ii) Misdemeanor Manslaughter



2. NON-HOMOCIDE: (5)
***All require actus reus + mens rea + convurrence + causation

--->1.) Assault & Battery: (4)
-------->Assault: Attempted battery (Specific Intent Crime); Intentionally creating a reasonable apprenhension of imminent bodily harm (General Intent)

-------->Aggravated Assault: Assault with a dangerous weapon (Generla Intent)

-------->Battery: Unlawful application of force to the person of another (General Intent)

-------->Aggravated Battery: Assault with intent to kill or inflict serious bodily injury (Specific Intent Crime)

--->2.) Mayhem: Disablement or disfigurement

--->3.) False Imprisonment: Intentional confinement of another (General Intent)

--->4.) Kidnapping: False Imprionment + Moving Victims, (General Intent)

--->5.) Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman without her consent (General Intent)

Front 30

ALL LEVEL 2

Criminal Law - Crimes against habitation (2)

Back 30

1. Burglary

2. Arson

Hint 30

1. BURGLARY:
--->Breaking (or exceeding scope of consent)
--->Entering
--->Of a Dwelling (used for sleeping)
--->Of another (ownership irrelevant: own or rent)
--->At Nighttime (In the majority of states this element has been dropped)
--->With intent to commit a felony therein.

2. ARSON:
--->Malicious (intentional or with reckless disregard for risks)
--->Burning -- Not - Water Damage; Explosion - charring sufficient; smoke damage.
--->Of the dwelling house
--->Of another (watch multistate when guy burns own dwelling)

Front 31

ALL LEVEL 2

Criminal Law - Theft Crimes (6)

Back 31

1. Larceny

2. Embezzlement

3. False Pretenses

4. Robbery

5. Extortion

6. Receipt of Stolen Property

Hint 31

***All specific Intent Crimes: Mistake is a defense; Voluntary intoxication is a defense if it negates specific intent (watch out for "if the jury believes him")

1. LARCENY:
--->Trespassory
--->Taking - must be wrongful by (i) trespass or (ii) trick
--->Carrying away (however slight)
--->Personal property of another (without consent)
--->Specific intent to permanently deprive victim of his interest (to steal)

2. EMBEZZLEMENT:
--->Fraudulent
--->Conversion
--->Of personal property
--->Of another
--->By a person in lawful possession of that property

3. FALSE PRETENSES:
--->Obtaining title
--->To personal property of another
--->By an intentional false statement of past or existing fact
--->With intent to defraud the other

4. ROBBERY:
--->A trespassory taking and carrying away*
--->Of personal property of another (without consent)*
* = Larceny
--->From the other's person or presence
--->By force or threats of immediate death or physical injury
--->With specific intent to permanently deprive the victim of his interest.

5. EXTORTION - (Blackmail):
--->Obtaining property
--->Of another
--->By means of future theats (to do harm to victim or family or to expose information).

6. RECEIPT OF STOLEN PROPERTY:
--->Receiving possession and control
--->Of stolen person property
--->Known to have been obtained in a manner constuting a criminal offense
--->By another person
--->With Intent to permanently deprive the owner of his interest.

Front 32

ALL LEVEL 2

Criminal Law - Inchoate Offenses (4)

Back 32

1. Solicitation

2. Conspiracy

3. Conspiracy vs. Accomplice Liability

4. Attempt & Impossibility

Hint 32

1. SOLICITATION:
--->Intent to induce another to commit a crime.

2. CONSPIRACY:
--->Agreement between two or more people to commit an unlawful act. (Watch Wharton's Rule - no conspiracy if crime requires 2 parties - e.g., adultry).

--->Effect: Liable for all crimes of other conspirators if (i) forseeable and (ii) in furtherance.

3. ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY:
--->Applies to persona accountable for a crime committd by another, whether or not they were part of a conspiracy or were present at the time the crime was committed.

--->Effect: Liability for crime itself and all foreseeable crimes.

4. ATTEMPT:
--->A substantial act toward the perpetration of an intended crime.

5. IMPOSSIBILITY: (2)

****FACTUAL AND LEGAL IMPOSSIBILITY ONLY APPLY TO ATTEMPT***

--->1.) Factual Impossibility: A mistake concerning an issue of fact that makes commission of the crime impossible.

--->2.) Legal Impossibility: A mistake about how an offense is defined. Defendant engages in conduct he believes is illegal but is not.

Front 33

ALL LEVEL 2

Criminal Law - Defenses (3)

Back 33

1. Responsibility and Capacity

2. Justification: (2)
--->1.) Self-Defense
--->2.) Necessity and Duress

3. Excuses: (4)
--->1.) Mistake of Fact
--->2.) Mistake of Law
--->3.) Consent
--->4.) Entrapment

Hint 33

1. Responsibility and Capacity: (4)
--->1.) Insanity: (4)
---->(a) M'Naughton - lacked ability to: (2)
-------->(i) know wrongfulness to society or
-------->(ii) understand nature & quality of his actions

---->(b) Irresistible Impulse: unable (2)
--------->(i) to control actions or
--------->(ii) to conform conduct to law

---->(c) Durham - if product of mental disease/defect, then acquit.

---->(d) A.L.I. - (Model Penal Code - Highbred Test) - (2):
-------->(i) lacked substantial capacity to appreciate criminality of conduct or
-------->(ii) conform conduct to requirements of law

--->2.) Intoxication: (2)
---->(a) Voluntary - (specific intent)

---->(b) Involuntary - (defense to all crimes)

--->3.) Infancy: (2)
---->(a) Under 7 - no criminal liability
---->(b) Under 14 - rebuttable presumption of no criminal liability

--->4.) Diminshed Capacity - (only for Specific Intent crimes): As a result of mental defect, D did not have the requisite mental state to commit the crime.

2. Justification: (2)
--->1.) Self-Defense
--->2.) Necessity and Duress

3. Excuses: (4)
--->1.) Mistake of Fact - is a defense only if it negates intention.
--->2.) Mistake of Law - no excuse, even if on advice of attorney.
--->3.) Consent - must be (i) voluntary, (ii) victim legally capable, (iii) no fraud.

--->4.) Entrapment: (i) Criminal design originates with law enforcement officer; (ii) D was not predisposed.

Front 34

ALL LEVEL 2

Criminal Procedure - (4)

Back 34

1. Fourth Amendment - (Search and Seizure)

2. Fifth Amendment (3)

3. Sixth Amendment (6)

4. Eighth Amendment (3)

Front 35

ALL LEVEL 2

Criminal Procedure - Fourth Amendment - (Search and Seizure)

Back 35

1. Headnote Evidence to be Suppressed

2. Define 4th Amend.

3a. If Search - Reqs warrant (unless exception)
--->Warrant:
--->Exceptions

3b. If arrest, P.C.
--->Home
--->Public

4. Standing

5. Exclusionary Rule:
--->Exceptions

Hint 35

1. Headnote Evidence to be Suppressed

2. Define 4th Amend. - applicable to states via 14th, protects against unreasonable searches, seizures, and arrests. Warrantless search is per se invalid.

3a. If Search - Reqs warrant (unless exception)
--->Warrant:
--------->Valid (P.C.; Particularity; Detached Mag.)
--------->Properly Executed (Knock & Announce + must be within scope)
--->Exceptions:
---------> Stop & Frisk
---------> Consent (waives 4th Amend rights)
---------> Exigent Circumstances
---------> Automobile
---------> SILA - Search Incident to Lawful Arrest
---------> Plain View
---------> School Child

3b. If arrest, P.C.
--->Home:
--------->Warrant needed
--------->Knock and Announce

--->Public:
--------------->PC Felony
--------------->Misdemeanor in presence
--------------->Within 48 hours, judge must establish PC

4. Standing --> to challenge, must have standing which requires reasonable expectation of privacy in the thing seized or area searched

5. Exclusionary Rule:
--->Fruits of Poisonous Tree Doctrine: Excludes all evidence obtained or derived from illegal police act as tainted
--->Exceptions:
--------->Dissipation of Taint
--------->Independent Source Rule
--------->Inevitable Discovery Rule

Front 36

ALL LEVEL 2

Criminal Procedure - Fifth Amendment (3)

Back 36

1. Confessions

2. Double Jeopardy

3. Self-Incrimination

Hint 36

Fifth Amendmnt, applicable to the states via 14th Amendment, protects against compelled testimonial self-inrimination (requires government action).

1. Confessions: (2)
--->1.) Miranda: Protects against custodial interrogation.
---->(a) Custody: (2)
-------->(i) Not free to leave & in custody
-------->(ii) Exceptions: Traffic Violation/Traffic Stop -- & -- Public Safety

---->(b) Interrogation - Any conduct where police knew, or should have known, they might elicit a damaging statement.

---->(c) Effect: (4)
-------->(i) Find both, must Miranda:
--------------------->Silent
--------------------->Can be used
--------------------->Atty/Appointment
--------------------->Can Terminate
-------->(ii) Need not be perfect
-------->(iii) Suspect asserts:
--------------------->Rt. to silence: must leave: can reopen
--------------------->Rt. to attorney: cannot reopen unless suspect initiates.
-------->No Fruits Doctrine

---->(d) Waiver: (4)
--------------------->Voluntary &
--------------------->Knowing &
--------------------->Intelligent
--------------------->But not simply silience (b/c you have the right to remain silent)

---->(e) Defense: (4)
-------->(i) Waiver
-------->(ii) Spontaneous (not interrogation)
-------->(iii) Not custodial - Traffic Stop - OR - Public Safety

---->(f) Standing: Rights are Personal to the Accused

--->2.) Other Approaches to exclude confessions: (3)
---->(a) 14th Amendment Voluntariness (Totality of Circumstances)
---->(b) 6th Amendment Rt. to Counsel (Critical Stage)
---->(c) Fruits of Illegal Conduct - 4th Amendment

2. Double Jeopardy: (3)
--->Fifth Amendment, applicable to States via 14th, protects against double jeopardy.

--->1.) Issues: (3)
---->(a) Same Offense: (2)
-------->(i) Greater or lesser bars - crimes same if all elements of one are in the other (e.g., larceny & robbery)
-------->(ii) Conspiracy always separate

---->(b) When Attaches: (2)
-------->(i) Jury Trial - swearing in
-------->(ii) Non Jury Trial - swearing in first witness

---->(c) Does Not Attach: (5)
-------->(i) Mistrial
-------->(ii) Hung Jury
-------->(iii) Separate Sovereigns
-------->(iv) Successful Appeal unles grounds for reversal = insufficient evidence
-------->(v) Breach of Agreed Upon Plea Bargain by Defendant
--->2.) Appeal - waives the bar against double jeopardy, but if D wins a reversal for insufficiency of evidence, double jeopardy will bar re-prosecution even if state gets more evidence

--->3.) Collateral Estoppel - ultimae fact/issue by valid final judgment inearlier criminal trial by same sovereign cannot be re-litigated

3. Self-Incrimination: (4)
--->1.) Taking the 5th - applies only to testimonial communications

--->2.) Does not apply to: (5)
---->(a) blood
---->(b) saliva
---->(c) hair
---->(d) voice
---->(e) appearance (e.g., can make you cut your hair or beard)

--->3.) NOTE: 5th Amend. may protect a person from complying with a subpoena for the prod. of personal records b/c the very act of production may constitute a compulsory admission of incriminating information.

--->4.) 5th Amend. protection is inapplicable where: (3)
---->(a) Immunity
---->(b) Waiver (takes the stand)
---->(c) No possibility of Incrimination (e.g., civil trial where already found not guilty in criminal trial)

Front 37

ALL LEVEL 2

Criminal Procedure - Sixth Amendment (6)

Back 37

1. Pre-Trial Identification

2. Rt. to Counsel

3. Rt. to Confrontation

4. Pleas

5. Rt. to Jury

6. Speedy Trial

Hint 37

1. PRE-TRIAL IDENTIFICATION: (4)
--->1.) 6th Amend. right to counsel: (2)
---->(a) Post charge Line-ups --- 6th Amend. right attaches after formal charges are brought
---->(b) Not photo showings

--->2.) Denial of due process: (2)
---->(a) Unnecessarily suggestive -- AND --
---->(b) Substantial likelihood of misidentification

--->3.) Remedy - can't use the evidence

--->4.) Defenses - Independent source for in-court ID, such as ample opportunity to observe at scene of crime

2. RIGHT TO COUNSEL: (4)
--->1.) 6th Amend. Rt. -- "applied to all felonies" -- AND - OR -- "any sentences that may result in actual loss of liberty"
---->>>>> ****NEED TO DECIDE IF RIGHT ATTACHES****

--->2.) Applies at Critical Stages - (only if D has rt. to counsel): (6)
---->(a) Adversarial preliminary hearing
---->(b) Post indictment interrogation
---->(c) Post Indictment line-up
---->(d) Arraignment / Accused brught into court to plead
---->(e) Plea stage
---->(f) Sentencing

--->3.) Waiver: (2)
---->(a) Knowing, Voluntary, & Intelligent
---->(b) Trial Judge must determine competency

--->4.) Claim of ineffective assistance of counsel: (3)
---->(a) Claimant must: (2)
-------->(i) Point out specific deficiency
-------->(ii) Cannot be: (7)
-------------------->Lack of experience
-------------------->Lack of time to prep
-------------------->Gravity of charges
-------------------->Complexity of defense
-------------------->Accessibility of witnesses
-------------------->Trial tactics
-------------------->Rejection of D's request for continuance

---->(b) Standard: (2)
--------------------> Deficient performance (e.g., drunk) +
--------------------> But for deficiency, result would be different

---->(c) Joint: (3)
-------------------->To be ineffective, must show conflicting interest adversely affets L's performance
-------------------->Not invalid per se
-------------------->If L advises trial cour of a resulting conflict of interest before trial & court refuses to appoint separate counsel, D entitled to reversal on minimal showing he may have been prejudiced.

3. RIGHT TO CONFRONTATION: (2)
--->1.) If two or more persons are tried together and one has given a confession that implicates the other, the right of confrontation prohibits the use of that statement (b/c D has right to confront adverse witness).

--->2.) Exception: (2)
---->(a) Eliminate implicating factors (e.g., redact the non-confessor's name)
---->(b) Confesor takes the stand (so D gets to confront)

4. PLEAS: (4)
--->1.) Must be voluntary

--->2.) Judge Must: (3)
---->(a) Address personally and explain: (4)
-------->(i) Nature of charge
-------->(ii) Maximum sentence possible
-------->(iii) Right to plead not guilty
-------->(iv) Plea waives rights:
--------------------->to jury trial
--------------------->to confront adverse witnesses
--------------------->5th Amend. right against compelled self-incrimination.

---->(b) Ensure voluntariness

---->(c) On the record

--->3.) Attacking plea after sentence: (3)
---->(a) Procedural error

---->(b) Ineffective assistance of counsel

---->(c) Failure of prosecutor to keep plea bargain

--->4.) ***Effect***: May withdraw plea, plea again, may not be given a harsher sentence (note: former plea inadmissible as evidence)

5. RIGHT TO JURY: (3)
--->1.) 6th Amend. guarantees right to jury trial

--->2.) Elements: (3)
---->(a) Possibility of over 6 months of jail time
---->(b) Jury pool is cross-section of community
---->(c) At least six members

--->3.) Right to imartial jury: (2)
---->(a) Juror opposed to death penalty: excluded? (3)
-------->(i) If opposed to death penalty, -- AND --
-------->(ii) Views substantially impair duties
-------->(iii) Then can be excluded for cause

---->(b) Mere scruples against death penalty -- Not excluded for cause.

6. SPEEDY TRIAL: (2)
--->1.) "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy trial" -- attaches at time of arrest or forma charge.

--->2.) Balancing test: (4)
---->(a) Length of the delay (8 mos. or longer is "presumptively prejudicial"; 5 mos. or less is not)

---->(b) reason for the delay

---->(c) D's responsiblity to assert the right (in a timely motion to dismiss)

---->(d) Prejudice to D

Front 38

ALL LEVEL 2

Criminal Procedure - Eighth Amendment (3)

Back 38

1. Bail

2. Cruel and Unusual Punishment

3. Death Penalty

Hint 38

1. Bail:
--->Right to bail hearing, but no right to have bail set. No excessive bail allowed.

2. Cruel and Unusual Punishment: (3)
--->1.) Cruel - Intent to cause pain
--->2.) Unusual - No other state does it
--->3.) Disproportionate Sentence

3. Death Penalty:
---> Death penalty statutes are constitutional if meet all of the following: (5)
---->(a) Mitigating/Aggravating factors (fed law calls them departure factors) must be admissible and heard by jury

---->(b) No automatice death penalty - sentence must be ndividualized (e.g., law cannot impose automatic death penalty for killing a police officer)

---->(c) Procedure for review

---->(d) Under 18 at time of crime - no death penalty

---->(e) Mental retardation - no death penalty (b/c cruel and unusual)

Front 39

ALL LEVEL 2

Constitutional Law - (7)

Back 39

1. 3 Branches of Government (3)

2. Federalism (4)

3. State Action (2)

4. Protections Against Government Power (3)

5. Equal Protection (6)

6. First Amendment Rights (3)

7. Collateral Bar Rule

Front 40

ALL LEVEL 2

Constitutional Law - Three Branches of Government (3)

Back 40

1. PROCEDURAL ISSUES: (5)

2. EXECUTIVE BRANCH: (3)

3. LEGISLATIVE BRANCH: (2)

Hint 40

1. PROCEDURAL ISSUES: (5)
--->1.) Standing
-------->To have standing, plaintiff must have a personal stake in the outcome under the Constitution. She must show injury in fact, causation, and redressability.

-------->Issues: (3)
------------------->(a) Third Party Standing

------------------->(b) Associated Standing

------------------->(c) No generalized Standing


--->2.) Ripeness
-------->A genuine and immediate threat of harm must exist.

--->3.) Mootness
-------->Real case or controversy must exist at all stages

-------->Exceptions: (4)
------------------>(i) Capable of repetition yet evading review
------------------>(ii) Voluntary cessation by D but can resume at any time
------------------>(iii) Class Action (as long as one member has standing)
------------------>(iv) Collateral matter (e.g., back pay for re-instated official)

--->4.) Political Question
--------> Political questions will not be decided

--->5.) Other: (4)
***--> Review of state court decisions: (3)
-------->(i) Final judgment
-------->(ii) From highest state court (exhaustion)
-------->(iii) Review limited to Fed. Question

--->(a.) Adequate & Independent State Grounds - Supreme Court will not hear cases that have been decided on state grounds, because if the outcome is unchanged regardless of the S. Ct. decision, a decision would be advisory and thus not constitutional.
---->MUST SHOW: (4)
->Adequate & Independent state grounds
->Not unreasonable or unfair
->Substantial state interest
->State court record indicates state law grounds.

--->(b.) Supreme Court Jurisdiction


--->(c.) Abstention: (2)
->Fed. court may obstain where unsettled question of law.
->Fed. court will not enjoing pending state CR proceeding unless proven harassment or bad faith

--->(d.) Eleventh Amendment: (2)
->bars citizens from one state (or foreign citizens) from suing any state in fed. court w/o its consent.

->Exceptions: (5)
---->State officers
---->Civil Rights
---->State consent
---->Does not bar: (i) local gov't versus state - OR - U.S. gov't versus state
---->Does not bar actions against local gov't

2. EXECUTIVE BRANCH: (3)
--->1.) Domestic: (5)
-------->(a) Appointment - Ambassadors; Sup. Court

-------->(b) Removal - Remove fed exec. officers

-------->(c) Impeachment - House impeaches; 2/3 Senate to remove

-------->(d) Executive Privilege - ability of Pres. to keep secrets; not absolute; not criminal proceedings.

-------->(e) Pardon -- only in Fed. cases; Exceptions - impeachment and related offenses.

--->2.) Foreign: (3)
-------->(a) Treaties (2/3 Senate)

-------->(b) Executive Agreements - agreements btwn. U.S. & foreign country effective when signed by Pres. + head of foreign nation.

-------->(c) Commander-In-Chief

--->3.) Hierarchy of Laws: (4)
-------->(a) U.S. Constitution
-------->(b) Treaties/Federal Statutes (last in time prevails)
-------->(c) Executive Agreements
-------->(d) State Laws

***EXECUTIVE ORDERS*** --->Order or regulation issued by president (or admin. agency under pres. direction) generally to interpret or complement a provision of the Constitution or existing law.

---->Issue: Is the order constitutional? The law is unsettled.

---->4 approaches:
-------->(a) Pres. must have an express or implied statutory or Constitutional authority (power must found in statute or Constitution)
-------->(b) Constitutional unless order interferes with other branches of gov't (e.g., cannot usurp Congress's spending power)
-------->(c) Pres. can take any action not prohibited by Constitution or statute (so Pres. cannot override an existing Congressional statute)
-------->(d) Pres. has broad inherent authority; may act unless unconstitutional

---->IMPORTANT NOTES: (3)
--------->(a) Congress can defeat executive orders by refusing to provide spending
--------->(b) Congress can pass a law contrary to an executive order, but then Pres. can override.
--------->(c) Only 2 executive orders have so far been held unconstitutional: (1.) Youngstown case where Truman ordered factory kept open despite strikers and ; (2) Clinton's 1996 order prohibiting U.S. gov't from contracting with organizations that participated in strike breaking.

3. LEGISLATIVE BRANCH: (2)
--->1.) Congressional Authority - All granted legislative powers are vested in in congress (Art. I, Sec. 1): (2)

---->(a) Granted Powers - Art. I, Sec. 8): (9)
-------->(i) TAX - (Regulatory Power - where Cong. has power to regulate, a tax may be used as a regulatory mechanism): (3)
--------------->Must be uniform throughout U.S.
--------------->No tax on articles in channels of ISC
--------------->Tax generally valid if to raise revenue

-------->(ii) SPEND FOR THE GENERAL WELFARE - expenditures must be for general welfare:
------------------>Spending Regulatory Power - Congress can force states to comply with a federal regulation to qualify for funding.

-------->(iii) DECLARE WAR: (3)
-------------------->Raise armies
-------------------->Maintain Navy
-------------------->Regulate land and naval forces

-------->(iv) OTHER GENERAL POWERS: (5)
-------------------->Naturalization
-------------------->Bankruptcy
-------------------->Coin Money
-------------------->Establish post offices, roads
-------------------->Constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court

-------->(v) COMMERCE: to reguate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states

-------->(vi) NECESSARY & PROPER: make all laws necessary & proper for carrying out other enumerated powers

-------->(vii) NON-ARTICLE I: (2)
---------------->Property Power:
----------------------------->Power to regulate all fed. property
----------------------------->Power to acquire & dispose of property

---------------->Investigatory power (Necessary & Proper Clause) - must be rationally related to a legislative "sphere"

-------->(viii) NOTE: There is no gen. police power

-------->(ix) NOTE: Under 10th Amend., all powers not granted to the fed. or prohibited are reserved to the states.

---->(b) Commerce: (5)
-------->(1) General Fact pattern: Congress passes a law that affects state or local governments and/or private citizens. The issue: is the exercise of Congressional power constitutional?

-------->(2) Gen. Rule: Art. I, Sec. 8 gives Congress boad powers to regulate commerce among the several states.

-------->(3) Interstate Regulation - (Plenary Power-National): (2)
---------------->Channels: (5)
----------------------------->(a) Roads*
----------------------------->(b) Mails*
----------------------------->(c) Telephone*
----------------------------->(d) Rivers*
----------------------------->(e) Internet*
* = No limit; Can regulate for any rational reason; Motive irrelevant.

---------------->Instrumentalities (person & things in ISC): (3)
----------------------------->(a) No limit
----------------------------->(b) Can regulate for any rational reason
----------------------------->(c) Motive irrelevant

-------->(4) Intrastate - (Local): (2)
--------------->Commercial: (3)
--------------------------->(a) Substantial Affects Tests - (Wickard v. Filburn case ---> Wheat): Is it rational for Congress to believe that the regulated activity could have a substantial effect on ISC?

--------------------------->(b) Generally: (i) presumed Constitutional; (ii)Any rational basis; (iii) Highly deferential standard.

--------------------------->(c) Limitation: Congress may not commandeer the legislative proceses of the states - cannot compel them to legislate in a prescribed fashion; Congress may not order state to assume unknown liabilities.

--------------->Noncommercial - (noneconomic): (3)
--------------------------->(a) Gen. Rule - Congress will lack authority under the ISC clause unless it has an articulated rational basis to believe that the regulated activity has a substantial effect on ISC.

--------------------------->(b) 3 Part Test: (i) Articulated rational basis; (ii) Substantial economic effect; (iii) Causal chain not too attenuated.

--------------------------->(c) Limitation: (i) Congress may not compel states to legislate in a prescribed fashion; (ii) Congress may not order states to assume unknown liabilities.

-------->(5) Limits on commerce power: (2)
--------------------------->(a) 10th Amend. - The powers not delegated to the U.S. by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it, are reserved to the states (general police power for health, safety, welfare of citizens; natural state resources)

--------------------------->(b) Modern Rule - No 10th Amend. limit on commerce power. The 10th Amend. cannot be used by states to limit Congressional laws equally applicable to private citizens and states.

--->2.) Delegation: (2)
---->(a) Congress may delegate to Executive & Judiciary as long as intelligible standards are set and the power is not uniquely confined to Congress.

---->(b) Limitations: (2)
-------->(i) No Bills of Attainder
-------->(ii) No ex post facto laws

Front 41

ALL LEVEL 2

Constitutional Law - Federalism (4)

Back 41

How do we demonstrate that the statute is unconstitutional?

1. Preemption

2. Domant Commerce Clause

3. Privileges and Immunities Clause

4. Contract Clause

Hint 41

FEDERALISM:
--->State Power & Limits on State Power because of national gov't & other states.

How do we demonstrate that the statute is unconstitutional?

1. Preemption: (4)
--->1.) Applies where there are Fed. + State statute regulations in same area.

--->2.) Supremacy Clause: (2)
-------->(a) Express Preemption - Fed. Law states "preempts all contrary state law" (or the equivalent)

-------->(b) Implied Preemption: (2)
-------------------->(i) Fed. law so pervasive that it precludes enforcement of state law on same subject (field preemption)

-------------------->(ii) Cannot obey both laws at the same time (conflict preemption)

--->3.) State may prevail where: (3)
-------->(a) Field is traitionally left to the states (e.g., schools, healrth, safety, welfare)

-------->(b) State focuses on a different aspect (e.g., Fed. purpose is economic; state focuses on health & safety)

-------->(c) State sets a higher standard than Fed.

--->4.) State taxation - States may not: (2)
-------->(a) Tax or regulate a Fed activity (Test - money from U.S. Treasury)

-------->(b) Put a substantial burden on Fed. activities.


2. Domant Commerce Clause -- (Applies to situations where state law regulates in an area of IS.): (2)
--->1.) Gen. Rule: In general, state & local laws unconstitution if they (1) discriminate against or (2) unduly burden interstate commerce (ISC).

--->2.) Approach: (2)
-------->(a) Identify the state interest (must be an exercise of state police power - health & safety of citizens Economic regulations are per se invalid)

-------->(b) Does state law facially discriminate against out-of-state business? (2)

-------------------------->(i) IF YES: Strict Scrutiny Analysis - necessary to a compelling state interest, with no reasonable alternative means. ***EXCEPTION*** Market Participant Doctrine.

-------------------------->(ii) IF NO: Rational basis analysis (must be rationally related to legitimate state interest) + Undue Burden Test (facially neutral state law will be unconstitutional if it places an undue burden on ISC. The benefit to the state must outweigh the adverse impact on ISC.)

3. Privileges and Immunities Clause(3)
--->1.) Gen. Rule: No state shall deprive citizens of other states privileges and immunities it accords its own citizens, unless there are substantial reasons other than that the person is a citizen of another state.

--->2.) Gen. Approach: Ask - Does the State or local law discriminate against out-of-state citizens? If yes, then it violates P & I clause if it discriminates against economic or civil right, unless excepted.

--->3.) Exception: Substantial Justification Exception: State law may be valid if it is necessary to achieve an important gov't purpose and there is no less restrictive means.

4. Contract Clause: (3)
--->1.) States may not enact laws that retroactively impair existing contracts

--->2.) Private contracts

--->3.) Public

Front 42

ALL LEVEL 2

Constitutional Law - State Action (2)

Back 42

1. Exclusive Public Function

2. Significant State Involvement

Hint 42

STATE ACTION:
---> Gen. Rule: The Constitution applies only to government action. Private conduct need not comply with the Constitution.

--->IMPORTANT: State Action require for: (4)
-------->(a) Due Process -- Procedure & Substantive
-------->(b) Taking
-------->(c) Equal Protection
-------->(d) 1st Amendment protection

--->Exceptions: (3)

-------->1.) Exclusive Public Function: (Private actors exercise traditional state functions) (e.g., company town)

--------->2.) Significant State Involvement: (affirmative facilitation) (2)
---------------------->(a) State actors: (2)
------------------------------------------->(i) Enforcing restrictive covenants
------------------------------------------->(ii) Leasing to discriminatory leasee

---------------------->(b) No state action: (3)
------------------------------------------->(i) Granting licenses / monopoly to utility co.
------------------------------------------->(ii) Granting corporate charter
------------------------------------------->(iii) Government subsidy

--------->3.) Congressional statute - may apply constitutional norms to private conduct.

Front 43

ALL LEVEL 2

Constitutional Law - Protections Against Government Power (3)

Back 43

1. PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS

2. SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS: (2)
--->1.) Economic
--->2.) Fundamental Rights

3. EMINENT DOMAIN: (2)
--->1.) Taking
--->2.) Zoning

Hint 43

1. PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS
--->No deprivation of life, liberty, or property without notice. Nust establish state action.

--->Gen. Rule: 5th and 14th Amend's protect against deprivation of life, liberty, or property interests without due process (notice & opportunity to be heard).

--->Approach: (2)
------->1.) Q1: Has there been a deprivation of life, liberty, or property? (IF YES, go to Q2).

---------------------->Liberty: A deprivation of liberty occurs if there is loss of a significant freedom provided by the Constitution or statute.
---------------------------------Exp: (i) Loss of freedom; (ii) Rt. to contract; (iii) Rt. to engage in gainful employment; (iv) Rt. of natural parents in care & custody of kids.

---------------------->Property: Deprivation occurs if there is an entitlement and that entitlement is not fulfilled. (Defn: reasonable expectation of continued receipt of a benefit).

---------------------------------Exp: (i) Continued attendance at a public school; (ii) Welfare benefits; (iii) Gov't employment; (iv) Tenure (teachers)

---------------------------------IMPORTANT NOTE: (i) Not gov't negligence - act must be intentional; (ii) Failure to protect people from privately inflicted harm (No denial of due process where boy brain damaged because his father beat him.)

------->2.) What procedures are required? (3 part test)
----------------->(a) Importance of the interest to the individual (Job)
----------------->(b) The interest of the gov't in fiscal & admin. efficiency (cost to gov't) (Govt's position)
----------------->(c) Ability of additional procedures to increase the accuracy of the fact finding.

2. SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS - (The issue is fairness: does the law represent an unconstitutional limit on life, liberty, or property interests? {applies to Feds through 5th & states through 14th} NB: Must Always Show State Action): (2)

--->1.) Economic: (2)
-------->(a) Test: Rationally related to legitimate gov't purpose (Rational Basis Test)

-------->(b) State law must be reasonable & fair, not arbitrary & capricious e.g., minimum wage - gov't wins.

--->2.) Fundamental Rights: (2)
-------->(a) Unwritten individual rights - if gov't restricts them, court will review using strict scrutiny. The law will be found invalid unless necessary to promote a compelling state interest when there is no less burdensome means to accomplish the state interest (narrowly tailored.) Exception: Abortion.

-------->(b) Rights: (6)
--------------------->(i) Right to travel
--------------------->(ii) Right to vote
--------------------->(iii) Right to reject medical treatment
--------------------->(iv) Privacy: (contraception; abortion; consensual sexual relations in privacy of the home; Marriage and right to not marry; Child bearing & child rearing; education; relations)
--------------------->(v) Fairness in criminal process
--------------------->(vi) All 1st Amendment rights

3. EMINENT DOMAIN: (2)
--->1.) Taking - (Gen. Rule) The 5th Amendment provides that private property may not be taken for public use without just compensation (applies to States via 14th Amendment)

------------>Approach: (3)
---------------------->(a) Q1 - Is it a taking?
---------------------->(b) Q2 - Publc Use - satisfied where gov't action rationally related to legitmategov't purpose.
---------------------->(c) Q3 - Just Compensation - (i) gov't must pay FMV, or Terminate the regulation & pay for damages.

--->2.) Zoning: (3)
-------->(a) General Principles: Attempts to segregate land use based on states' 10th Amend. police power to protect the health, safety & welfare of its citizens.
------------------->Generally, zoning is a regulation, not a taking.
------------------->Exception: Regulatory taking - temp. denial of ALL uses of the property.

-------->(b) Basic Terms: (5)
------------------->(i) Cumulative zoning - higher use permitted in any lower zone: (Residential; Commercial; Industrial)
------------------->(ii) Non-cumulative zoning - zones exclusive
------------------->(iii) Nonconforming use - use predates zoning; may continue to use unless endangers health & safety of citizens
------------------->(iv) Spot zoning - absence of a master plan. Rule is that zoning must conform to a plan; be internally consistent
------------------->(v) Cluster zoning - clusters of high density with open space

-------->(c) Attacks on zoning: (5)
------------------->(i) Variance (individual exception) - Need hardship which is not self-created; & No harm to neighborhood.
------------------->(ii) Procedural due process - If gov't changes zoning, must provide - Notice & Hearing
------------------->(iii) Substantive due process - zoning may not be arbitrary & capricious
------------------->(iv) Equal protection (zoning results in discrimination <******> Generally subject to rational basis test; Disproportionate impact insufficient; Strict scrutiny if discrimination is intentional
------------------->(v) Taking - if: Temporary denial of all use; ordinance lowers value of established property right.

Front 44

ALL LEVEL 2

Constitutional Law - Equal Protection (6)

Back 44

1. Procedural Issues
--->Est. Standing, etc.

2. General Rule
--->The 14th Amend. prohibits states from depriving anyone of equal protection under the law. This means gov't. regulations cannot discriminate (Similarly situated people must be treated the same).

3. Power Source

4. State Action

5. Classify

6. Due Process: (2)
--->1.) Substantive
--->2.) Procedural

Hint 44

EQUAL PROTECTION:
--->Equal Protection is an issue whenever the government discriminates based on group membership. (e.g., the law applies only to Latinos or Italians, or women, or a particular religious group, or the rich or poor, or tall people, etc.) There are 3 tests/levels ofscrutiny, depending on the nature of the discrimination.

--->Basic Approach: (5)
--------->(1.) Identify any procedural issues - estalish standing --> i.e., ripeness, mootness, etc.

--------->(2.) Establish state action

--------->(3.) Give the general rule: The 14th Amend. prohibits states from depriving anyone of equal protection under the law. This means gov't. regulations cannot discriminate (Similarly situated people must be treated the same).

--------->(4.) Classify discrimination: *Try to find at least 2 classifications.
--------------------->(a) What classifications are there? (List all)
--------------------->(b) What level of scrutiny should be applied to each?
--------------------->(c) Does the law meet that level of scrutiny? (Analyze using facts)

--------->(5.) NOTE: the same facts may give rise to a substantive due process claim if: (i) the law is also unfair - & - involves a fundamental right (e.g., child bearing).

--->Specific Classifications: (4)
-------->(1) Race/National Origin or disparate treatment to any Fundamental Right (such as a poll tax affecting voting): Strict Scrutiny.
-------------------------->(a) If facially neutral, need: Discriminatory impact & Discriminatory intent.

-------------------------->(b) Examples of not facially neutral - e.g., statute applies only to people originating from countries of Europe.

-------------------------->(c) Affirmative Action (Strict Scrutiny) - Race-based federal actions must be subjected to strict scrutiny for a compelling gov't interest and for being narrowly tailored to meet that interest. (i.e., must be needed to remedy specific acts of past discrimination).

-------->(2) Alienage: (3)
--------------------->(a) By State - Gen. Rule: Strict scrutiny, except essential gov't functions - Essential: (i) participation in state gov't (voting + jury duty); (ii) important gov't jobs (police, teachers, probation officers).

--------------------->(b) By Fed. - Rational basis - Congress has plenary power --- Valid if not arbitrary & capricious

--------------------->(c) Undocumented alien children (Intermediate Scrutiny)

-------->(3) Gender (Intermediate Scrutiny) - "exceedingly persuasive justification": (3)
--------------------->(a) If facially neutral, need: Impact - & - Intent

--------------------->(b) Not facially neutral - e.g., applies only to those who become pregant.

--------------------->(c) Affirmative Action (Intermediate Scrutiny)

-------->(4) Nonmarital Children (Intermediate Scrutiny) - where gov't discriminates against children because parents weren't married.

--->Tests: (3)
-------->(1) Strict Scrutiny: Clasification necessary to promote a compelling state interest when there is no less burdensome alternative means to accomplish state interest (narrowly tailored).

-------->(2) Intermediate Scrutiny: Law/regulation substantially related to an important government interest: (6)
-------------------------->(a) Age
-------------------------->(b) Disability
-------------------------->(c) Wealth (poverty is not suspect class)
-------------------------->(d) Sexual Orientation
-------------------------->(e) Economic Regulation
-------------------------->(f) Anything else
-------->(3)

1. Procedural Issues

2. General Rule

3. Power Source

4. State Action

5. Classify

6. Due Process: (2)
--->1.) Substantive
--->2.) Procedural

Front 45

ALL LEVEL 2

Constitutional Law - First Amendment Rights (3)

Back 45

1. SPEECH: (6)

2. PRESS/ASSOCIATION:

3. RELIGION: (2)

Hint 45

1. SPEECH: (6)
--->1.) Procedural Issues
-------->Identify any procedural issues - establish standing.

--->2.) General Rule
-------->1st Amend., applicable to the States via 14th Amend., prohibits government from certain regulation of speech and other forms of expression.

--->3.) State Action

--->4.) General Considerations

--->5.) Time, Place & Manner/Fora
-------->Gov't has a legitmate interest to regulate TPM as long as standards specifically defined and unrelated to content of expression (test depends on forum).

-------->FORA: (3)
------------------------->(1) Public: Gov't properties that gov't is constitutionally required to make available for speech (parks & streets).
----------------------------------------->(a) Test: "Regulation content neutral" + "Narrowly tailored" + "Serves important gov't interest {Health, Safety, Moral}" + "Leaves open alternate means.

------------------------->(2) Non-Public: (e.g., military bases, airports, areas outside jails, ad space on buses).

----------------------------------------->(a) Test: "Viewpoint neutral" + "Reasonably related to legitimate gov't purpose"

------------------------->(3) Private - No 1st Amend. right to access private property for speech purposes.

--->6.) Content: (4)
-------->Strict Scrutiny - Restrictions on speech have to be necessary to promote a compelling interest. (Compelling & Narrowly Tailored)
---->(a) Incitement
----------------------->TEST:
----------------------->Creates a Clear & present danger +
----------------------->Of Immediate lawless action +
----------------------->That is likely to occur.

---->(b) Obscenity
----------------------->TEST:
----------------------->Prurient interests (community) +
----------------------->Patently offensive (community) +
----------------------->Lacks redeeming value (national)

---->(c) Commercial
----------------------->TEST:
----------------------->Substantial gov't interests +
----------------------->Restriction advances interests +
----------------------->Narrowly tailored

---->(d) Defamation

2. PRESS/ASSOCIATION: (2)
--->1.) Press: (4)
-------->(a) GR: The Press has no greater privilege than ordinary citizens.
-------->(b) Newspaper Privilege: (3)
----------------->(i) No privilege exists to refuse to disclose confidential sources to a grand jury.
----------------->(ii) States may enact shield laws to afford such protection.
----------------->(iii) However, laws to punish a newspaper are per se invalid.

-------->(c) Access to Criminal Trial: (3)
--------------->(i) GR: Reporter/public cannot be excluded from pretrial hearings unless there is a substantial probability that defendants right to a fair trial will be prejudiced and alternatives will not work.

--------------->(ii) Test: Restriction must be articulated by judge and narrowly tailored to achieve a higher value + Closure must be essential & narrowly tailored & no less discriminatory alternatives - then only if no substantial likelihood of prejudice.

--------------->(iii) Overriding Issue: It is a balance between the right of the press (1st Amendment) versus the right of the accused to a fair trial.

-------->(d) Broadcasting: (2)
--------------->(i) May be more regulated than press due to limited number of frequencies available (forbidden dirty words)

--------------->(ii) Fairness Doctrine - equal time may be required (but not for newspapers).

--->2.) Association: (3)
-------->(a) GR: Congress shall make no law respecting the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Laws that prohibit or punish group membership or require disclosure of group membership must meet strict scrutiny.

-------->(b) Requirements to punish group membership: (4)
--------------->(i) Illegal group purpose &

--------------->(ii) Active affiliation of individual &

--------------->(iii) Specific knowledge of illegal activity &

--------------->(iv) Specific intent to accomplish illegal activity. (Needs to be actively involved)

-------->(c) NOTE: No generalized right to associate for discriminatory purposes: (2)
--------------->(i) Intimate association - those not invited to a dinner party can't sue.

--------------->(iii) Expressive activities - hate groups can exclude specific groups (e.g., KKK; Nazis)

3. RELIGION: (2)
--->General Rule: 1st Amendment, applicable to the states via the 14th Amendment, prohibits government from infringing on religious freedom.
--->1.) Establishment Clause - (Government will neither aid nor formally establish religion):(3)
---->(a) Secular
---->(b) Primay Effect-neither advances nor hinders religion.
---->(c) Entanglement

--->2.) Free Exercise Clause: (2)
-------->Rule: Congress shall make no laws which prohibit the free exercise of religion (gov't may not inquire into the legitmacy of a belief, or punish religious beliefs). -- Strict Scrutiny test: the state may not impose restrictions on the free exercise of religion unless the restriction serves a compelling state interest and is narrowly tailored to that interest.

-------->Defense: Free exercise clause cannot be used to challenge a law of general applicability unless the laws are motivated by a desire to interfere with religion (see peyote case).

---->(a) Intentional Interference:
--->If so, per se illegal absent a narrowly tailored, compelling state interest.

---->(b) Unitentional/General Applicability:
--->If gov't interference unitentional or incidental, if law is neutral on its face (general applicability), law will be upheld.

Front 46

ALL LEVEL 2

Property - (7)

Back 46

1. Estates (3)

2. Adverse Possession (3)

3. Landlord Tenant (L/T) (5)

4. Nonpossessory Interests (3)

5. Covenants (3)

6. Conveyances (3)

7. Rights (2)

Front 47

ALL LEVEL 2

Property - Estates (3)

Back 47

1. CONCURRENT ESTATES: (4)

2. PRESENT ESTATES: (4)

3. FUTURE ESTATES: (3)

Hint 47

1. CONCURRENT ESTATES: (4)
--->1.) TC (Tenancy in Common) - Each T owns a distinct, proportionate, undivided interest with no right to survivorship.

--->2.) JT (Joint Tenancy): (3)
-------->(a) Rt. of Survivorship

-------->(b) 4 Unities:
----------------->(i) Possession
----------------->(ii) Interest
----------------->(iii) Title
----------------->(iv) Time

-------->(c) Severable - * the big issue: (5)
----------------->(i) Conveyance / Partition
----------------->(ii) Mortgage: (2)
-------------------------->Lien Theory - (modern majority) no severance because title has not been transferred.
-------------------------->Title Theory - Severance, because title has been transferred to the mortgage holder.
----------------->(iii) Lease - modern majority says lease does not sever.
----------------->(iv) Agreement
----------------->(v) Death

--->3.) TE (Tenancy by the Entirety) - Adds the 5th unity of marriage; cannot be unilaterally severed / partitioned.

--->4.) Rights Among Co-Tenants: (2)
-------->(a) Accounting: An action to recover profits from one in a fiduciary relationship.
------------------>(i) Rule: One co-T does not have to account for & share profits unless Ouster; -or- Agreement to share; -or- lease to 3rd party; -or- Depletion of natural resources.

-------->(b) Contribution: Right of one co-T to force other co-Ts to pay/contribute for expenditures on the property.
------------------>(i) No right to contribution for: (i) Losses; (ii) Improvements (except at sale/partition); (iii) Rents (i.e., a co-tenant cannot be forced to pay rent for living on the property)
------------------>(ii) Right to contribution for: (i) Taxes; (ii) Necessary repairs.

2. PRESENT ESTATES: (4)
--->1.) FS (Fee Simple) - Estate that runs forever. No limitations on inheritance or alienation. ('To A' or 'To A and his heirs').

--->2.) Defeasible Fee: (4)
-------->(a) Defn.: Potential of infinite duration: interest terminates on happening of some event.

-------->(b) FS Determinable: (4)
---------------->(i) Limited by durational language ('so long as," 'while,' 'until')
---------------->(ii) Ends automatically; reverts back to grantor.
---------------->(iii) Grantor holds right of entry
---------------->(iv) Freely transferable; NOT subject to RAP

-------->(c) FS Subj. Cond. Subsequent: (4)
---------------->(i) Limited by conditional language ('but if')
---------------->(ii) Does not end until grantor affirmatively demonstrates intent to terminate
---------------->(iii) Grantor holds right of entry
---------------->(iv) Freely transferable; NOT subject to RAP

-------->(d) FS Subj. to Executory Interest: (5)
---------------->(i) Automatically divests in favor of a 3rd party upon happening of event
---------------->(ii) Limited by durational or conditional language
---------------->(iii) Terminates on happening of event
---------------->(iv) Automatically goes to third party, not to grantor
---------------->(v) Freely transferable, but subject to RAP

--->3.) LE (Life Estate): (3)
-------->(a) Defn.: Estate that terminates at the death of someone. (Grantor holds a reversion - i.e., the interest that remains when Grantor transfers a lesser estate than that which he holds).

-------->(b) Issues: (5)
---------------->(i) LE tenant must pay: Taxes; Repairs; Water; Interest on principal
---------------->(ii) Reversion: interest that remains when Grantor transfers a lesser estate than what he holds.
---------------->(iii) No Waste
---------------->(iv) Holder can only transfer his interest (i.e., no devise by original holder) - LE ends at original holder's death.
---------------->(v) Not subject to RAP

-------->(c) Pur autre vie - can sell, lease, even devise, but can't give more than you have.

--->4.) Other

3. FUTURE ESTATES - (Non-possessory interest capable of becoming possessory at some time in the future): (3)

--->Grantor: -Possibility of Reverter (FS Determinable)
-Right of Entry (FS subj to cond. subsequent)
-Reversion

--->1.) Another Grantee (Other than Grantor): (2)
-------->(a) Remainder: (3)
---------------->(i) Future Interest capable of becoming possessory immediately upon the natural termination of the preceeding estate. Assume preceding estate is a LE.
---------------->(ii) Vested: Ascertainable Person & No Condition Precedent.*
* = 3 types:
--->(1) Indefeasibly vested (not subject to RAP)
--->(2) Subject to partial divestment (class gift) (RAP)
--->(3) Subject to total divestment (condition subsequent) (not subject to RAP)

---------------->(iii) Contingent: Unascertainable person - OR - Condition Precedent.

-------->(b) Executory: (2)
---------------->(i) FI that cuts short a prior estate in favor of a 3rd party (springing or shifting)

---------------->(ii) Subject to RAP


--->2.) Technical Rules

--->3.) RAP

Front 48

ALL LEVEL 2

Property - Adverse Possession (3)

Back 48

1. Elements

2. Issues

3. Other points

Hint 48

1. Elements: (4)
---->(a) Open - visible
---->(b) Hostile - intent to claim land as own, exclusive of O; consent negates it
---->(c) Actual - use consistent with the character of the land
---->(d) Continuous - continuous for the statutory period.
-------------->(i) Issue - Tacking.

2. Issues: (3)
-------->(a) Extent of Land - color of title
-------->(b) Disabilities - O must be under disability (minor/incarcerated/insane) at time of AP; then it's tolled.
--------->(c) Tacking - requires privity; no gaps; no tacking of disabilities.

3. Other Issues: (3)
-------->(a) Title acquired by AP is not marketable. The buyer does not have to buy a lawsuit (later, from true owner) - seller must quiet title.

--------->(b) AP is against only the estate as it existed at the time of AP (e.g., O has a life estate; you get only a LE measured by O's life)

--------->(c) No AP of a future interest that has not yet been created.

Front 49

ALL LEVEL 2

Property - Landlord/Tenant (L/T) (5)

Back 49

1. Types

2. Duties of Landlord

3. Duties of Tenant

4. Landlord's Remedies

5. Assignment & Sublease

Hint 49

1. Types: (4)
-------->(a) Tenancy for Years

-------->(b) Periodic Tenancy

-------->(c) Tenancy at Will

-------->(d) Tenancy at Sufferance - (i.e., hold over tenant)

2. Duties of Landlord: (3)
-------->(a) Deliver possession (actual) in good repair)

-------->(b) Quiet Use & Enjoyment

-------->(c) Warranty of Habitability

3. Duties of Tenant: (4)
-------->(a) Pay Rent

-------->(b) Repair/Waste

-------->(c) Fixtures
--->Chattel so affixed that they become part of the land.

-------->(d) Liabilities to 3rd Parties

4. Landlord's Remedies: (4)
-------->(a) Failure to Pay - Unlawful Detainer: Terminate lease; - OR - Sue for damages; - OR - Evict.

-------->(b) Abandonment - Duty to mitigate, & L may: Sue for damages - OR - Treat as a surrend, T's duties & liabilities end - OR - Re-rent on T's account.

-------->(c) Tenant's Defenses: Duty to Mitigate; Retaliatory Eviction; Quiet enjoyment / Constructive eviction; Implied warranty of habitability

5. Assignment & Sublease: (2)
--->1.) Assignment = complete transfer of all interests

--->2.) Sublease = partial transfer

--->3.) Issues: (2)
---------->(a) Novation (new contract) - all parties agree, esp. L: relieves T1 of duties.

---------->(b) Anti-Assignment Clauses: are strictly construed; & Restraints on alienation are generally void as against public policy, but restraints on leases are valid if reasonable, but are strictly construed.

Front 50

ALL LEVEL 2

Property - Non-Possessory Interests (3)

Back 50

1. Easements

2. Profits

3. Licenses

Hint 50

1. Easements:
--->An easement is an interest in land. It is the right to enter land, make limited use (affirmative) or restrict use (negative).

2. Profits:
--->Defn.: Right to enter land of another and remove something.

3. Licenses:
--->Defn.: Permission to go onto the land of another. Revocable at will. (A license is equivalent to an "equitable easement.")

Front 51

ALL LEVEL 2

Property - Covenants (3)

Back 51

1. Real Covenants

2. Equitable Servitudes

3. I.R.N.E. (Implied Reciprocal Negative Easements)

Hint 51

1. Real Covenants
--->Defn.: Promise id deed/lease which binds the promisor and promisee to an act or to refrain from certain conduct.

2. Equitable Servitudes
--->Alternate remedy pursued in court of equity - privity is replaced by notice.

3. I.R.N.E. (Implied Reciprocal Negative Easements)

Front 52

ALL LEVEL 2

Property - Conveyancing (3)

Back 52

1. LAND SALES K: (5)

2. DEEDS: (6)

3. SECURITY: (4)

Hint 52

1. LAND SALES K: (5)
--->1.) Writing/Exception (Statute of Frauds)
---------->Gen. Rule: Contracts for sale of land must be in writing (Statute of Frauds)

--->2.) Marketable Title - NO: (4):
-------->***BLL: Implied in every land sale contract is an implied warranty that at closing seller will give buyer title that is reasonably free of defects regardless of the types of deed contemplated in the contract (e.g., quitclaim).
---->(a) Encumbrances*
---->(b) Mortgages*
---->(c) Assessments*
---->(d) Easements*

* = (reasonably free of)

--->3.) Remedy
--->4.) Merger
--->5.) Equitable Conversion

2. DEEDS: (6)
-------->Defn.: The deed is the normal and ordinary way of transferring property.
--->1.) Contents (Statute of Frauds)
--->2.) Delivery/Presumptions
--->3.) Recording Acts
--->4.) Covenants: (2)
----------> Present - Personal to grantee. Do not run with land. Breached immediately.
----------> Future - Run with land; breached after possession.
---------->Deed Types: General Warranty; Special Warranty; Quitclaim.

--->5.) Chain of Title
--->6.) Quitclaim

3. SECURITY: (4)
--->1.) Types (e.g., mortgage, deed of trust)
--->2.) Consequences -- Foreclosure (wipes out junior interests)
--->3.) Transfer (subject to mortgage; assumes mortgage)
--->4.) Fixtures - Rule: Fixture filing must be within 10 days of attachment or the security interest in chattel is subordinate to an earlier mortgage on real property.

Front 53

ALL LEVEL 2

Property - Rights (2)

Back 53

1. WATER RIGHTS: (3)
--->1.) Running
--->2.) Underground (Right to Reasonable Use)
--->3.) Surface

2. RIGHT OF SUPPORT: (2)
--->1.) Lateral
--->2.) Subjacent - Strict Liability

Hint 53

1. WATER RIGHTS: (3)
--->1.) Running
--->2.) Underground (Right to Reasonable Use)
--->3.) Surface

2. RIGHT OF SUPPORT: (2)
--->1.) Lateral
--->2.) Subjacent - Strict Liability

Front 54

ALL LEVEL 2

Community Property - (5)

Back 54

1. Basic Definitions (4)

2. Legal Presumptions & Rules

3. Central Issues (6)

4. Involvement of Third Parties (3)

5. Distribution of Assets

Front 55

ALL LEVEL 2

Community Property - Basic Definitions (4)

Back 55

1. Separate Property

2. Community Property

3. Quasi-Community Property (Significant only at death/divorce/for creditor purposes)

4. Quasi-Marital Property

Front 56

ALL LEVEL 2

Community Property - Legal Presumptions & Rules

Back 56

RULES -- (Souce Issues):
1. Professional Degree: (3)
--->(a) remains SP of acquiring spouse
--->(b) com. entitled to reimbursement for ed. expenses (subject to 10-yr. limitation)
--->(c) outstanding loans assigned to acquiring spouse

2. Child support obligations not result of marriage are SP

3. Time Rule - used to determine pro rata share of pension & other assets if such assets proceed or exceed marriage

PRESUMPTIONS:
1. Form of title is not conclusive, interest is the key --- Except title in married woman's name alone -- b/f 1975 presumed her SP

2. At dissolution, all property acquired in joint form presumed CP

3. Federal law may supersede Cal. CP - (i) bonds, (ii) Social Security

4. Change in form does not change character of property

Front 57

ALL LEVEL 2

Community Property -- Central Issues (6)

Back 57

1. Separation

2. Improvements

3. Pereira / Van Camp: (2)
---->(a) Pereira - SP gets fair rate of return
---->(b) Van Camp - community gets salary for labor

4. Transmutation

5. Gifts

6. Commingling (2)
---->(a) Direct Tracing
---->(b) Third Party Transfers

Hint 57

1. Separation
--->Earnings after permanent separation are SP
-------->(a) No intent to reconcile
-------->(b) Physical separation
-------->(c) Communication to spouse of intent

2. Improvements
--->SP contributions to jointly titled property are entitled to reimbursement
--->CP contributions to SP titled real property entitled to pro rata share & appreciation

3. Pereira / Van Camp: (2)
--->SP business appreciates during marriage
-------->(a) Pereira - SP gets fair rate of return
-------->(b) Van Camp - community gets salary for labor

---->After permanent separation CP business appreciates
-------->Reverse Pereira - CP gets fair rate of return
-------->Reverse Van Camp - SP gets a salary

4. Transmutation
---->Premarital - must be (3)
-------->(a) Voluntary
-------->(b) Fair (not unconscionable)
-------->(c) Not violate public policy

---->Marital - since 1985, agreement to transmute must be in writing by express declaration

5. Gifts
---->Since July 1987, gifts require express declaration

6. Commingling (2)
---->Funds presumed CP if cannot trace SP
-------->(a) Direct Tracing
-------->(b) Third Party Transfers

Front 58

ALL LEVEL 2

Community Property - Involvement of Third Parties (3)

Back 58

1. Spouse Management and Control

2. Creditors

3. Third Party Transfers

Hint 58

1. Spouse Management and Control

2. Creditors
--->Each spouse liable for own SP debt
--->SP of either spouse liable for (3)
-------->(a) Necessaries contracted during marriage
-------->(b) Common necessaries during separation
-------->(c) Issue - reimbursement

3. THIRD PARTY TRANSFERS
--->Gifts (2)
-------->(a) Require consent
-------->(b) Set aside all during life; half after death-3yr SOL

--->For consideration (2)
-------->(a) Personal property - no consent if FMV except personal items
-------->(B) Real (2)
--------------->(1) Need consent
--------------->(2) Set aside all during life; half after death; 1 yr SOL (BFP)

Front 59

ALL LEVEL 2

Community Property - Distribution of Assets

Back 59

(If Death, Wills law applies)

Front 60

ALL LEVEL 2

Trusts - (5)

Back 60

1. Creation (5)

2. Types (7)

3. Supervision - (Trustee) (5)

4. Construction of Trusts (2)

5. Modification / Termination (2)

Front 61

ALL LEVEL 2

Trusts - Creation (5)

Back 61

1. Intent

2. Purpose

3. Res

4. Trustee

5. Ascertainable Beneficiaries

Front 62

ALL LEVEL 2

Trusts - Types of Trusts (7)

Back 62

1. Testamentary

2. Pour-Over

3. Secret / Semi-Secret

4. Spendthrift / Support / Discretionary

5. Charitable

6. Honorary

7. Operation of Law

Hint 62

1. TESTAMENTARY
--->In a will

2. POUR - OVER
--->Devise to a trust

3. SECRET / SEMI-SECRET -- (2)
--->1) Secret - no mention of trust in will, so constructive trust
--->2) Semi-Secret - no mention of beneficiary - so fails

4. SPENDTHRIFT / Support / Discretionary -- (3)
--->1) Beneficiary restrained from transfer *

--->2) Creditors can't reach *

* = Spendthrift support Discretionary support

--->3) Exceptions (4)
-------->(a) K's for necessaries
-------->(b) Alimony / Child support
-------->(c) Tort
-------->(d) Government

5. CHARITABLE (2)
--->1) Beneficiaries unidentifiable
--->2) Cy pres doctrine to modify


6. HONORARY


7. OPERATION OF LAW

***RESULTING*** (3)
--->Trust fails
--->Purpose complete
--->Purchase money resulting

Front 63

ALL LEVEL 2

Trusts - Supervision - (Trustee) (5)

Back 63

1. Authority / Powers

2. Duties

3. Remedies

4. Liabilities

5. Allocation of Principal and Income

Hint 63

1. AUTHORITY / POWERS
--->Express & Implies

2. DUTIES
--->Duty of Care: of reasonably prudent business person
--->Loyalty
--->Others (5)
-------->(a) No commingle
-------->(b) Perform personally
-------->(c) Accounting
-------->(d) Defend
-------->(e) Fairness

3. REMEDIES
--->Breach of Trust (2)
-------->(a) Remove trustee
-------->(b) Sue for damages or trace assets

4. LIABILITIES
--->Tort - Trustee personally liable / indemnification
--->Contract - Trustee personally liable / indemnification

5. ALLOCATION OF PRINCIPAL AND INCOME

Front 64

ALL LEVEL 2

Trusts - Construction (2)

Back 64

1. Alienability

2. Lapse / Anti-Lapse

Hint 64

1. ALIENABILITY
---> Freely alienable except spendthrift

2. LAPSE / ANTI-LAPSE --> (2)
--->1) Transferee predeceases transferor

--->2) Elements (2)
-------->(a) Transferee (2)
------------------>(1) Blood kindred
------------------>(2) Relative of T's current or future spouse

-------->(b) Leave issue

Front 65

ALL LEVEL 2

Trusts - Modification / Termination (2)

Back 65

1. Amendment / Revocation

2. Termination

Hint 65

1. Amendment / Revocation
--->Doctrine of Changed Circumstances (4)
-------->(a) Upon changed curcumstances
-------->(b) Unanticipated by Settlor
-------->(c) Court can authorize change
-------->(d) IF -->(2)
-------------------------->(i) Necessary to trust purpose
-------------------------->(ii) Does not deprive beneficiaries

2. Termination
--->Termination by beneficiaries (2)
-------->(a) Not of spendthrift
-------->(b) Otherwise -->(3)
--------------------->(i) All competent &
--------------------->(ii) All consent &
--------------------->(iii) Does not frustrate trust purpose

Front 66

ALL LEVEL 2

Wills - (5)

Back 66

1. Validity (4)

2. Composition (4)

3. Revocation (3)

4. Distribution (8)

5. Intestate Succession (5)

Front 67

ALL LEVEL 2

Wills - Validity (4)

Back 67

1. Intent*

2. Capacity*

3. Formalities*

* = 3 ELEMENTS OF A WILL

4. Other Issues

Hint 67

1. INTENT
--->Testamentary intent

2. CAPACITY (3)
--->1) Mental
--->2) Infancy
--->3) Will contest (2)
-------->(a) Fraud
-------->(b) Undue influence

3. FORMALITIES (3)
--->1) Formal will - elements (5)
-------->(a) sign in presence
-------->(b) two witnesses
-------->(c) present
-------->(d) same time
-------->(e) know it was a will

--->2) Interested witness - does not invalidate

--->3) Holographic will - valid if (3)
-------->(a) signature
-------->(b) material provisions in T's handwriting
-------->(c) testamentary intent

4. OTHER ISSUES (2)
--->Conflict of laws - CA probates any will if (4)
-------->(a) executed under CA law or
-------->(b) meets law of place executed or
-------->(c) meets law of decedent's domicile at death or
-------->(d) meets law of decedent's domicile at execution

--->Will's contract (2)
-------->(a) breach does not affect will or intestacy

-------->(b) big issues (3)
--------------------->(1) SOF
--------------------->(2) Detrimental reliance
--------------------->(3) Third party beneficiaries

Front 68

ALL LEVEL 2

Wills - Composition (4)

Back 68

1. Integration

2. Codicil

3. Incorporation by Reference

4. Acts of Independent Significance

Hint 68

1. Integration

2. Codicil (3)
--->Amendments to will
--->Same formalities
--->Republication on date of codicil

3. Incorporation by Reference

4. Acts of Independent Significance

Front 69

ALL LEVEL 2

Wills - Revocation (3)

Back 69

1. Methods: (3)
--->(a) Subsequent Instrument
--->(b) Physical Act
--->(c) Operation of Law

2. Dependent Relative Revocation (DRR)

3. Revival

Hint 69

1. Methods: (3)
--->(a) Subsequent Instrument
--->(b) Physical Act
--->(c) Operation of Law
-------->(1) Omitted Spouse - takes all CP + intestate share of SP unless T intentionally excluded.
-------->(2) Omitted Child - Intestate share unless intentional, otherwise provided, or bulk to other parent
-------->(3) Effect of Divorce - revokes dispostion to ex-spouse

2. Dependent Relative Revocation (DRR)
--->But for mistake, T would never have revoked - Effect: court disregards revocation, restores 1st will
-------->Elements (3)
--------------->(1) Mistake induces revocation
--------------->(2) No revocation but for mistake
--------------->(3) Intestate succession if DRR fails

3. Revival
--->Revokiing will is itself revoked - effect: court allows 1st revoked will to be probated
-------->Elements (2)
--------------->(1) 1st will must still exist +
--------------->(2) T's intent to have 1st will take effect

Front 70

ALL LEVEL 2

Wills - Distribution (8)

Back 70

1. Order of Payment

2. Classification of Gifts

3. Ademption

4. Satisfaction

5. Abatement

6. Exoneration

7. Lapse / Anti-Lapse

8. Survivor Rights

Hint 70

1. ORDER OF PAYMENT

2. CLASSIFICATION OF GIFTS (4)
--->(a) Specific
--->(b) General
--->(c) Demonstrative
--->(d) Residuary

3. ADEMPTION

4. SATISFACTION
--->Elements (3)
-------->(a) Will provision
-------->(b) Contemporaneous writing by T or
-------->(c) Devisee's written acknowledgment

5. ABATEMENT
--->Estate is reduced in order (5)
-------->(a) Intestate property
-------->(b) Residuary
-------->(c) General
-------->(d) Demonstrative
-------->(e) Specific

6. EXONERATION
--->Not required for transfer of real property (i.e., real property is inherited with debts/mortgage attached)

7. LAPSE / ANTI-LAPSE
--->Elements (2)
-------->(a) Blood kin of T or relative of T's current or former spouse
-------->(b) Devisee leaves issue

8. SURVIVOR RIGHTS

Front 71

ALL LEVEL 2

Wills - Intestate Succession (5)

Back 71

1. GR - Order (If will fails, or if any part of estate not covered by will)

2. 120 Hour Rule

3. Separate Property of Surviving Spouse

4. Advancement

5. Simultaneous Death

Hint 71

1. GR - Order (If will fails, or if any part of estate not covered by will - divide equally at first generation with living people)
--->Order of distribution after spouse or domestice partner:
-------->(1) Issue
-------->(2) Parents
-------->(3) Issue of parents
-------->(4) Grandparents
-------->(5) Issue of grandparents
-------->(6) Step-children
-------->(7) Next of kiin (closest blood relative)
-------->(8) Parents of pre-deceased spouse
-------->(9) Escheat to the state

***** C.P. --> surviving spouse takes all of C.P.*****

2. 120 Hour Rule
--->A & B die within 120 hours of each other (prove otherwise with clear & convincing evidence)

3. Separate Property of Surviving Spouse
--->Surviving spouse takes:
-------->1/3
-------->1/2
-------->All

4. Advancement
--->Hotchpot calculation (3)
-------->(a) Add all shares
-------->(b) Divide by number of takers
-------->(c) Subtract advancement(s)

5. Simultaneous Death
--->E.g., end result of simultaneous death of spouses:
-------->1/2 of estate goes to A's heirs
-------->1/2 of estate goes to B's heirs

Front 72

ALL LEVEL 2

Corporations - (6)

Back 72

1. Formation (5)

2. Capitalization (3)

3. Fiduciary & Other Duties of Directors & Officers (7)

4. Shareholders (6)

5. Common Law & Federal Securities Laws (2)

6. Fundamental Changes in Corporate Structure (3)

Front 73

ALL LEVEL 2

Corporations - Formation (5)

Back 73

1. Promoter

2. Pre-Incorporation Contracts

3. Formation Requirements

4. Formation Defects

5. Post-Incorporation Agreements

Hint 73

1. PROMOTER
--->Person participating in the formation of a corporation
--->BLL: Promoter personally liable for pre-incorporation contracts made on behalf of corp.

2. PRE-INCORPORATION CONTRACTS
--->Corp. is not liable on pre-incorp. K's until adopted.

3. FORMATION REQUIREMENTS (3)
--->Incorporators
--->Articles - usually contain (3)
-------->(a) Name of corporation
-------->(b) Purpose or Powers (e.g., make money by any lawful means)
-------->(c) Capital Structure (3)
------------------->(1) Authorized Stock = # shares corp. can sell
------------------->(2) Issued stock = # actually sold
------------------->(3) Outstanding stock = # issued
--->Act - file (date of oncorporation retroactive to filing date)

4. FORMATION DEFECTS (3)
--->De Facto (4)
-------->(a) Abolished in most states - issue is did Def know or have reason to know of invalidity
-------->(b) Good faith, colorable attempt to comply (unaware of invalidity)
-------->(c) Some exercise of corporate privileges
-------->(d) Effect: Treat as corp. for all purposes except in action by the state

--->Estoppel (defense) (2)
-------->(a) One dealing with a business as a corp. may be estopped from denying its corp. status.
-------->(b) Usually K's; not torts; abolished in many states (Judge-made doctrine - use as persuasive authority)

--->Piercing (4)
-------->(a) GR: SH not personally liable for corp. debts
-------->(b) Alter ego Theory (failure to follow corporate formalities - i.e., used when it is a sham corporation)
-------->(c) Inadequate capitalization (to meet prospective business risks)
-------->(d) Fraud

5. POST-INCORPORATION AGREEMENTS

Front 74

ALL LEVEL 2

Corporations - Capitalization (3)
--->(Funding the corporation - Consideration for stock)

Back 74

1. Subscription Agreement

2. Consideration for Stock

3. Pre-Emptive Rights

Hint 74

1. SUBSCRIPTION AGREEMENT


2. CONSIDERATION FOR STOCK
--->1) Issue: What qualifies as valid consideration for shares?

--->2) Form - (Ways shares can be purchased)
-------->(a) BLL: Under the modern majority rule, shares may be paid for with any tangible or intangible property or benefit to the corporation. (Expands what is acceptable consideration.)

-------->(b) Valid (8)
----------------->(1) Money paid
----------------->(2) Labor done
----------------->(3) Property acquired
----------------->(4) Secured promissory note
----------------->(5) Cancellation of corp. debt
----------------->(6) Contracts for future services
----------------->(7) Unsecured promissory notes
----------------->(8) Promise to convey future property

--->3) Amount (2)
-------->1)BLL: Corporation must receive full value for its stock

-------->2) Kinds (3)
--------------->(a) Par - minimum issuance price
--------------->(b) No par - no minimum issuance price (Stated value - value set by Board for no par)
--------------->(c) Treasury stock - previously issued; has been re-acquired (treat as no par)

3. PRE-EMPTIVE RIGHTS

Front 75

ALL LEVEL 2

Corporations - Fiduciary & Other Duties of Directors & Officers (7)

Back 75

1. Fiduciary Duties: Due Care

2. Fiduciary Duties: Loyalty

3. Liability for Passive Participants

4. Other Duties

5. Officers

6. Indemnification

7. Lawyer as Corporate Counsel (Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002)

Hint 75

1. FIDUCIARY DUTIES******: DUE CARE (3) ******
--->(a) BLL: Directors and Officers must act with reasonable care and skill that a prudent person would with respect to his own business (Goes to business decisions)

--->(b) Defense: Business Judgment Rule - BLL: A court will not second guess a director if the decision is (3)
-------->(1) in good faith &
-------->(2) informed &
-------->(3) has a rational basis.

--->(c) Breach - If duty breached & Business Judgment Rule won't save, Directors will be Jointly & Severally liable for harm proximately caused.
-------->***Nonfeasance - failed to act
-------->***Misfeasance - does something to cause losses

2. FIDUCIARY DUTIES*******: LOYALTY (2) ******
--->(a) BLL: Directors and Officers must act in good faith and in the best interests of the corp. w/o regard to personal gain (You must find and articulate a personal benefit)

--->(b) Common Breaches (5)
-------->(1) Insider Trading

-------->(2) Interested Director - Self-Dealing (e.g., dir. Sells/buys property/services to or from corp.)

-------->(3) Competing Ventures - BLL: It is a breach of the duty of loyalty for a Director or Officer to compete directly with the corp.

-------->(4) Corporate Opportunity Doctrine (2)
---------------->(A) Directors and Officers cannot usurp a corp. opportunity, unless (2)
--------------------------->(i) full disclosure &
--------------------------->(ii) Board approves

---------------->(B) 4 tests:
--------------------------->(i) Necessary to company
--------------------------->(ii) Company has interest/expectancy in thing
--------------------------->(iii) In the business line
--------------------------->(iv) Overall fairness

-------->(5) Improper loans (to self, spouse, mother, etc.)

3. LIABILITY FOR PASSIVE PARTICIPANTS
--->GR: A director is presumed to have concurred with a Board action unless he dissents in writing in corp. records. (Failed to appear or act to the benefit of the board/corporation)

4. OTHER DUTIES (2)
--->(a) Directors have the duty to manage the corp. - e.g., (3)
-------->(1) declare dividends
-------->(2) select & supervise officers
-------->(3) set policy

--->(b) Meetings (2)
-------->(1) Proxy - not allowed; nor are voting agreements
-------->(2) Quorum - must have maj. Dirs. (quorum) to do business; maj. present to pass a resolution
------------------->(A) If no quorum, action invalid; can lose a quorum

5. OFFICERS - (Pres., VP, Treas., Secretary) (2)
--->Owe same duty of care & loyalty as directors
--->Status (authority) (2)
-------->(a) As agents (3)
------------------>(1) Actual authority - express authority to act because the board has voted or articles grant
------------------>(2) Apparent authority - conduct which reasonably interpreted, causes 3P to believe he acts for corp - exists where corp. holds out an officer as having certain authority - inducing others -- **WATCH FOR THIS**
------------------>(3) Inherent - by virtue of office (implied) - trade usage (e.g., power of pres.)

-------->(b) Powers - pres. can enter K's and act in ordinary course of business; secretary - records; treasurer - funds

6. INDEMNIFICATION (2)
--->GR: Directors entitled to reimbursement of expenses if for corporate purpose unless excepted (see points below & corps barred)

--->3 Types (3)
-------->(a) Corp barred - if liable to corp or held to have received an improper personal benefit
-------->(b) Mandatory - if wholly successful on the merits or otherwise defends
-------->(c) Permissive - anything not in 1 or 2 (e.g., settlement)
---------------->(1) Standard - Duty of Loyalty: must show she acted in good faith with reasonable belief act was in corp's best interest.

7. LAWYER AS CORPORATE COUNSEL (Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) - (3)
--->Applies only to L appearing before SEC

--->L shall go up the corporate ladder if L learns of material violation of securities law or breach of fiduciary duty by someone acting for corp. (Note that ABA & CA rules permit this, so no conflict of rules here)

--->L may inform SEC

Front 76

ALL LEVEL 2

Corporations - Shareholders (6)

Back 76

1. SH Liability for Corporate Debt

2. SH Distribution

3. SH Derivative Suits

4. SH Management (Close Corporation)

5. Right to Inspect Books / Records

6. SH Issues

Hint 76

1.SH LIABILITY FOR CORP. DEBT (2)
--->GR: SH not liable for corp. debt
--->Exception - Piercing the Corporate Veil (3)
-------->(a) Alter ego
-------->(b) Undercapitalization
-------->(c) Fraud

2. SH DISTRIBUTION (2)
--->Defn: Payment to SH - any distribution of cash, property, or corp. shares paid to SH on account of stock ownership.
--->Rights - no right to distributions. Payment is a matter of Board discretion.

3. SH DERIVATIVE SUITS (2)
--->Defn.: SH sues to enforce corp. rts. - can sue if (2)
-------->(a) corp. hurt
-------->(b) O's or D's violate duty of loyalty; due care

--->Requirements (3)
-------->(a) Stock ownership
-------->(b) Written demand
-------->(c) Bond - in many jurisdictions

4. SH MANAGEMENT (Close Corp.)
--->Defn: Has few SH; not publicly traded. Owners manage day to day operations. Liability for breach of fiduciary duties is on SHs

5. RIGHT TO INSPECT BOOKS / RECORDS (2)
--->Standing - any SH
--->Procedure - written demand stating a proper purpose

6. SH ISSUES (3)
--->Voting Rights
--->Meetings - Annual meeting required unless unanimous written consent if all voting shares
--->Quorum (2)
-------->(a) Majority of outstanding shares - to pass, majority present
-------->(b) You don't lose a quorum

Front 77

ALL LEVEL 2

Corporations - Common Law & Federal Securites Laws (2)

Back 77

1. Common Law (CL)

2. Federal Securities Laws: (3)
--->(a) 10b-5

--->(b) 16(b)

--->(c) Underwriting

Hint 77

1. COMMON LAW (C.L.) (2)
--->Sale of controlling SH interest - BLL: Majority or controlling SH under fiduciary duty to exercise control for benefit of all SH, including duty of due care & loyalty - fully disclose, act in good faith, transactions fair.

--->Fraud (2)
-------->(a) Affirmative Misrepresentations
-------->(b) Nondisclosure

=============================================

2. FEDERAL SECURITIES LAWS: (3)
--->10b-5 ---> (5)
-------->(a) ***BLL: Federal Law: Unlawful for any person by use of any means/instrumentality of interstate commerce (ISC) to employ any scheme to defraud in connection with the purchase or sale of securities

-------->Elements (6)
----------------->(a) Instrumentality of ISC / mail (phone) - if no ISC, CL Special Facts Rule

----------------->(b) Schemes to defraud (3)
---------------------------->(i) Misrepresentation of material information
---------------------------->(ii) Failure to disclose - BLL: Duty to disclose or abstain has been violated
---------------------------->(iii) Breaches of fiduciary duties
---------------------------->(iv) Tipping - pass along info for wrongful purpose

----------------->(c) Scienter (2)
---------------------------->(i) Intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud
---------------------------->(ii) reckless disregard for truth

----------------->(d) Standing (in connection w. purchase of sale (2)
---------------------------->(i) Security
---------------------------->(ii) must buy or sell (excludes potential purchasers & those who refrain) - (2)
--------------------------------------->(1a) Derivative suits
--------------------------------------->(2a) Injunctive relief
---------------------------->***OR SEC (Securities Exchange Commission)***

----------------->(e) Reliance (2)
---------------------------->(i) If affirmative misrepresentation, must prove reliance
---------------------------->(ii) If omission or public misrepresentation, reliance presumed

----------------->(f) Remedies (must show causation) (4)
---------------------------->(i) Injunction
---------------------------->(ii) Rescission
---------------------------->(iii) Constructive trust
---------------------------->(iv) Out of Pocket; e.g., difference between what he sold at & FMV at disclosure

-------->Tipping (2)
---------------------------->(i) Defn.: Insider gives tip of inside info. to someone who trades on basis of inside info.

---------------------------->(ii) Liability (2)
--------------------------------------->(1a) Tipper liable if (2)
------------------------------------------------>(AA) passed inside info. in breach of fiduciary duty to corporation
------------------------------------------------>(BB) improper purpose (any benefit, even if merely reputation)

--------------------------------------->(2a) Tipee (2)
------------------------------------------------>(AA) Tipper breached a duty
------------------------------------------------>(BB) Knew or should have known info. was wrongfull passed

-------->Misappropriation Theory
---------------------------->(i) It is a breach of fiduciary duty for anyone to misappropriate nonpublic information when (2)
--------------------------------------->(1a) D has a confidential relationship or owes a duty to the source, &

---------------------------------------->(2a) Either:
-------------------------------------------------->(AA) D purchases or sells securities based on the information, or
-------------------------------------------------->(BB) D knowingly passes on the improper information

-------->Inadvertent Discovery
---------------------------->(i) No duty: the disclosure had no wrongful purpose - no tipper, so can't be tipee

=============================================

--->16(b) ---> (4)
-------->***Defn.: Short swing profit requires surrender to corp. of any profit realized by any corporate insider (director, officer, or 10% SH) for the purchase & sale or sale & purchase of any equity within a 6 mo. period (e.g., sell at $25 and then buy at $5; no scienter required)

-------->Elements (4)
---------------->(a) Jurisdiction: publictly held corp. (2)
----------------------------->(i) listed on national stock exchange or
----------------------------->(ii) 10 million in assets + 500 or more shareholders

---------------->(b) Insider (3)
----------------------------->(i) Officer (either when bought or when sold)
----------------------------->(ii) Director (either when bought or when sold)
----------------------------->(iii) 10% Shareholder (both when bought and when sold) - only purchases & sales after 10% are counted

---------------->(c) SWP - purchase & sale within 6 months highest sales matched with lowest purchase

---------------->(d) Purchase or sale of equities - includes (4)
----------------------------->(i) options
----------------------------->(ii) warrants
----------------------------->(iii) stock - preferred & common
----------------------------->(iv) mergers

-------->Recovery - limited to corp.; but SH can sue derivatively

-------->Remedy - Match highest sale price against lowest purchase price for any 6-month period

Front 78

ALL LEVEL 2

Corporations - Fundamental Changes in Corporate Structure (3)

Back 78

1. Right of Appraisal

2. Specific Examples

3. Winding Up

Hint 78

--->Defn.: Unusual occurrences, so require (3)
-------->(a) resolution by Board*
-------->(b) notice to all SH entitled to vote + *
-------->(c) Approval by majority of SH entitled to vote*
* = Generally, right of appraisal attaches

1. RIGHT OF APPRAISAL
--->Defn: Right of dissenting SH to force corp.... to buy his shares at FMV.

2. SPECIFIC EXAMPLES (4)
--->1) Amendment of Articles
--->2) Merger / Consolidation - Consolidation (A + B corp. form C corp.) - 2 or more corps. combine to form a new corp.
--->3) Transferring all (or substantially all) assets / shares
--->4) Dissolution

3. WINDING UP (4)
--->1) Gather all assets
--->2) Convent to cash
--->3) Pay creditors
--->4) Distribute remainder pro rata unless distribution preference

Front 79

ALL LEVEL 2

Agency - (5)

Back 79

1. Formation (3)

2. Rights & Duties (4)

3. Notice (2)

4. Binding the Principal (6)

5. Termination (3)

Front 80

ALL LEVEL 2

Agency - Big Issues (3)

Back 80

BIG ISSUES

1. Did A have authority to act?

2. Can P be bound by A's acts in contracts?

3. Can P be held liable for A's tortious acts?

General standard = reasonableness

Front 81

ALL LEVEL 2

Agency - Formation (3)

Back 81

1. Basic Definitions

2. Requirements

3. By Estoppel

Hint 81

***Define, then form relationship

1. Basic Definition
---->One (A) acts on behalf of and is subject to control of another (P)

2. Requirements
---->Elements (3)
-------->(a) A - assent
-------->(b) B - benefit
-------->(c) C - Control

---->At what point did it end?

3. By Estoppel

Front 82

ALL LEVEL 2

Agency - Rights & Duties (4)

Back 82

1. Agent (A) to Principal (P)

2. Principal (P) to Agent (A)

3. Remedies: (2)
--->(a) P v. A
--->(b) A v. P

4. To 3rd Parties: (3)
--->(a) Contract
--->(b) Tort
--->(c) Criminal

Front 83

ALL LEVEL 2

Agency - Notice (2)

Back 83

1. Actual

2. Imputed / Exceptions

Front 84

ALL LEVEL 2

Agency - Binding the Principal (6)

Back 84

1. Issue

2. Actual Authority

3. Inherent Authority

4. Apparent Authority

5. Ratification

6. Estoppel

Front 85

ALL LEVEL 2

Agency - Termination (3)

Back 85

1. Will of Parties

2. Changed Circumstances

3. Reasonable Time

Front 86

ALL LEVEL 2

Partnership - (8)

Back 86

1. Applicable Law (3)

2. Formation (3)

3. Rights & Obligations (3)

4. Notice (2)

5. Authority (2)

6. Dissocation (3)

7. Termination: Dissolution & Winding Up (6)

8. Other Statutory Business Entities (3)

Front 87

ALL LEVEL 2

Partnership - Applicable Law (3)

Back 87

1. RUPA (Revised Uniform Partnership Act -- majority rule)

2. Agency Principles

3. Contract Principles

Hint 87

An association of two or more persons to carry on as co-owners of a business for profit

1. RUPA (Revised Uniform Partnership Act -- majority rule) -- (Entity theory)

2. Agency Principles
---->BLL - Each partner is the principal and agent of the others

3. Contract Principles

Front 88

ALL LEVEL 2

Partnership - Formation (3)

Back 88

1. By Formalities (3)
--->(a) Contract Capacity
--->(b) Intent: (2)
----------->(i) Express
----------->(ii) Implied
--->(c) Purpose (must be legal)

2. By Estoppel

3. Effect (Implications of Partnerships)

Hint 88

1. BY FORMALITIES (3)
--->(a) Contract Capacity

--->(b) Intent: (2)
----------->(i) Express
----------->(ii) Implied (3)
----------------------->(1)Based on conduct - argue facts
----------------------->(2)Facts to show intent (2)
----------------------------------->(1a) profit sharing
----------------------------------->(2a) agreement to share losses
----------------------->(3)No intent if (3)
----------------------------------->(1a) repayment
----------------------------------->(2a) rent
----------------------------------->(3a) wages
----------------------------------->(4a) interest

--->(c) Purpose (must be legal)

2. BY ESTOPPEL
--->One who acts or represents self to a 3rd party as a partner is liable as a partner.

3. EFFECT - (Implications of Partnerships) (3)
--->Joint & several liability
--->Share profits & losses
--->Property acquired by a partnership is property of the partnership

Front 89

ALL LEVEL 2

Partnership - Rights & Obligations (3)

Back 89

1. Among Partners: (7)
--->(a) Control
--->(b) Property Rights
--->(c) Sale of Interest
--->(d) Fiduciary Duties
--->(e) Partnership Interest
--->(f) Indemnification
--->(g) Non-waiveable Requirements

2. To 3rd Parties (2)
--->(a) Liability of Partnership
--->(b) Liability of Partners

3. Statutory Rights

Hint 89

PARTNER v. PARTNER
--->BLL - RUPA allows actions against other Ps for equitable or legal relief. (Must be relevant to partnership or partnership rights)

LAIBILITY OF PARTNERSHIP
--->For acts committed (2)
-------->(a) within scope of partnership and
-------->(b) acts committed with authority
-------->***APPLY*** -- Agency Law; Contract Law; Tort Law

NOTES (3)
--->1) Partners have equal rights to manage and control (if management rights are not equal, this is nto a general partnership)
--->2) Partnership interest is construed as personal property
--->3) Assignment of interest (3)
-------->(a) Partners can assign their partnership interest
-------->(b) Assignee gets only a share of profits
-------->(c) Assignor retains all other rights & duties as a partner

Front 90

ALL LEVEL 2

Partnership - Notice (2)

Back 90

1. Actual

2. Imputed

Front 91

ALL LEVEL 2

Partnership - Authority (2)

Back 91

1. Apparent Authority

2. Actual Authority

Hint 91

1. APPARENT AUTHORITY
--->Act of partner binds partnership (if act within scope ro within authority

2. ACTUAL AUTHORITY
--->BLL - Each partner is an agent of the partnership when conducting business in the usual way.

Front 92

ALL LEVEL 2

Partnership - Dissociation (3)

Back 92

1. Causes

2. Wrongful Dissociation

3. Effect

Front 93

ALL LEVEL 2

Partnership - Termination: Dissolution & Winding Up (6)

Back 93

1. Causes

2. Effect

3. Binding Dissociated Partner

4. Liability

5. Statement of dissolution

6. Distribution of assets & liabilities

Hint 93

1. Causes

2. Effect
--->Termination of a partner's rights and duty to refrain from competition

3. Binding Dissociated Partner

4. Liability

5. Statement of dissolution

6. Distribution of assets & liabilities (4)
--->(a) Creditors paid, including creditor partners - outside creditors paid first
--->(b) Then pay off balances in partners' accounts
--->(c) Cover negative balances
--->(d) If failure to pay (to cover negative balances), other partners must contribute and then sue

Front 94

ALL LEVEL 2

Partnership - Other Statutory Business Enities (3)

Back 94

1. Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)

2. Limited Partnership (LP)

3. Limited Liability Company (LLC)

Hint 94

1. Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
--->All partners elect limited liability

2. Limited Partnership (LP)
--->General partners + limited partners

3. Limited Liability Company (LLC)
--->Entity run by owners or managers

Front 95

ALL LEVEL 2

Professional Responsibility - (8)

Back 95

1. General (4)

2. Advisor (3)

3. Advocate (9)

4. Third Parties (4)

5. Law Firms (6)

6. Public Service (5)

7. Advertising (6)

8. Misconduct (4)

Hint 95

1. General (4)
---->Duties to Client
---->Conflicts
---->Disqualifications
---->Other

2. Advisor (3)

3. Advocate (9)

4. Third Parties (4)

5. Law Firms (6)

6. Public Service (5)

7. Advertising (6)

8. Misconduct (4)

Front 96

ALL LEVEL 2

Professional Responsibility - General (4)

Back 96

1. Duties to Client (6)
--->(a) Competency / Malpractice
--->(b) Scope
--->(c) Diligence
--->(d) Communication
--->(e) Fees
--->(f) Confidentiality

2. Conflicts (3)
--->(a) Loyalty
--->(b) Former Client
--->(c) Transactions

3. Disqualification (3)
--->(a) Imputed Disqualification
--->(b) Successive Gov't / Private
--->(c) Former Judge / Arbitrator

4. Other (5)
--->(a) Organization as Client
--->(b) Client Under Disability
--->(c) Safeguarding Property
--->(d) Withdrawal
--->(e) Sale of Practice

Front 97

ALL LEVEL 2

Professional Responsibility - Advisor (3)

Back 97

1. 2.1 Advisor / Counsel - Exercise independent professional judgment; Render candid advice

2. 2.3 Eval. for 3P -- Okay if (i) Compatible with L.C reliationship; (ii) Infomed consent required if L L reasonably should know eval. likely to affects C's interests materially & adversely; (iii) Otherwise protected by 1.6

3. 2.4 Service as 3rd Party Neutral (Alternative Dispute Resolution)

Front 98

ALL LEVEL 2

Professional Responsibility - Advocate (9)

Back 98

1. 3.1 Meritorious Claim

2. 3.2 Expediting Litigation

3. 3.3 Candor to Tribunal

4. 3.4 Fairness to Opposing Counsel

5. 3.5 Impartiality of Tribunal

6. 3.6 Trial Publicity

7. 3.7 L's as W's

8. 3.8 Special Duties of Prosecutor

9. 3.9 Nonjudicial Proceedings (legislative body or administrative agency)

Front 99

ALL LEVEL 2

Professional Responsibility - Third Parties (4)

Back 99

1. 4.1 Truthfulness

2. 4.2 Communication with Represented Persons

3. 4.3 Communication with Unrepresented Persons

4. 4.4 Respect for 3P

Front 100

ALL LEVEL 2

Professional Responsibility - Law Firms (6)

Back 100

1. 5.1; 5.2; 5.3 Supervisor / Subordinate

2. 5.4 Professional Independence of L

3. 5.5(a) Unauthorized Practice of Law

4. 5.5(b) Multijurisdictional Practice

5. 5.6 Restrictions on Right to Practice

6. 5.7 Law Related Services

Hint 100

1. 5.1; 5.2; 5.3 Supervisor / Subordinate

2. 5.4 Professional Independence of L

3. 5.5(a) Unauthorized Practice of Law

4. 5.5(b) Multijurisdictional Practice

5. 5.6 Restrictions on Right to Practice

6. 5.7 Law Related Services

Front 101

ALL LEVEL 2

Professional Responsibility - Public Service (5)

Back 101

1. 6.1 Pro Bono

2. 6.2 Accepting Appointments

3. 6.3 Legal Services Organization

4. 6.4 Law Reform Activities

5. 6.5 Non-profit + court-annexed limited legal-service programs

Hint 101

1. 6.1 Pro Bono

2. 6.2 Accepting Appointments

3. 6.3 Legal Services Organization

4. 6.4 Law Reform Activities

5. 6.5 Non-profit + court-annexed limited legal-service programs

Front 102

ALL LEVEL 2

Professional Responsibility - Advertising (6)

Back 102

1. General Rule: Regulation of commercial speech is subject to intermediate scrutiny, which means it may be regulated but only if: (3)
--->(a) Gov't asserts a substantial interest +
--->(b) Gov't demonstrates restriction directly and materially advances that interest +
--->(c) Regulation is narrowly drawn

2. 7.1 Communication of L's Service's

3. 7.2 Advertising

4. 7.3 Direct Contact

5. 7.4 Communication of Fields of Practice and Specialization

6. 7.5 Firm Names / Letterheads

Front 103

ALL LEVEL 2

Professional Responsibility - Misconduct (4)

Back 103

1. 8.1 Bar Admission

2. 8.2 Judge and Legal Official

3. 8.3 Reporting

4. 8.4 Misconduct

Hint 103

1. 8.1 Bar Admission

2. 8.2 Judge and Legal Official

3. 8.3 Reporting

4. 8.4 Misconduct

Front 104

ALL LEVEL 2

Civil Procedure - (2 Stage) (12)

Back 104

STAGE 1: (6)
1. PJ (power to bind dft) (3)
2. SMJ (4)
3. Joinder (Parties & Claims) (3)
4. Venue (Where)
5. Choice of Law (Erie)
6. Pleadings (Filing of Complaint and Answer) (3)

STAGE 2: (6)
1. Discovery / Disclosure (6)
2. Pre-Trial Motion (5)
3. Trial Issues (3)
4. Post Trial Motions (2)
5. Final Judgment Rule
6. Res Judicata / Collateral Estoppel (4/5)

Front 105

ALL LEVEL 2

Civil Procedure - Stage 1

PJ (power to bind dft) (3)

Back 105

1. Person

2. Property: (2)
--->(a) In Rem
--->(b) Quassi in Rem

3. Notice / Service

Hint 105

1. Person (2)
--->Traditional (3)
-------->(a) Personal Service (in state)*
-------->(b) Domicile (even if outside state, as long as personally served)*

* = court has power over anything within its borders, i.e., Citizens (includ. Corporations; visitors (in state); land (see in rem)

-------->(c) Consent (2)
------------------->(1) Waiver by failure to raise objection in answer to complaint (or motion)
------------------->(2) Express consent to a forum clause

--->Non-resident (5)
-------->(a) Court's power to bind def's not physically present in the forum. Due process requires the state to have a long-arm statute (rule that gives court jurisdiction) and meet the test in International Shoe.

-------->(b) Long Arm Statute (2)
---------------->(1) Statute that authorizes forum to assert PJ
---------------->(2) 2 types (2)
-------------------------->(i) Specific (state must follow its own rules & not exceed limits of due process)
-------------------------->(ii) Non-Specific - to extent of due process (see International Shoe test)

-------->(c) International Shoe (2)
---------------->(1) Does def have such minimum contacts with the forum that exercise of jurisdiction does not offend traditional notions of fair play & substantial justice?
---------------->(2) Balance (2)
-------------------------->(i) Minimum Contacts
------------------------------------>Purposeful Availment (4)
------------------------------------------>(1a) Quality & nature of dft's acts
------------------------------------------>(2a) Voluntary acts directed toward forum
------------------------------------------>(3a) Includes goods intentionally placed in stream of commerce
------------------------------------------>(4a) If actual harm results, jurisdiction is established

------------------------------------>Foreseeability of a lawsuit - did Def anticipate his activities might lead to a lawsuit?

-------------------------->(i) Fair Play/Subst. Justice (4)
--------------------------------->(1a) Relatedness btwn. claim & contact
--------------------------------->(2a) Plt's interest in obtaining relief
--------------------------------->(3a) Burden on def versus benefit def obtained from state
--------------------------------->(4a) State interest


-------->(d) Address General Jurisdiction

-------->(e) Address Specific Jurisdiction

2. Property: (2)
--->In Rem
--->Quassi in Rem

3. Notice / Service (2)
--->Reasonably calculated to appraise

--->May serve by (3)
-------->(1) Personal service (hand deliver), or
-------->(2) Abode service (2)
----------------->(i) To a suitable person (age; discretion); and
----------------->(ii) Def's usual abode, or
-------->(3) Substituted service -- Def's authorized agent

Front 106

ALL LEVEL 2

Civil Procedure - Stage 1

SMJ (4)

Back 106

1. Exclusive*

2. Concurrent*

3. Supplemental*

4. Removal*

* = Power to hear case

Hint 106

***Power to hear the kind of claim being brought (Subject Matter - Federal Claim or Diversity)
--->Lack of SMJ (2)
-------->(a) SMJ cannot be waived
-------->(b) Issue can be raised at any time during course of claim, even at Supreme Court level

1. EXCLUSIVE
--->Can be heard only in Fed. Court

2. CONCURRENT (2)
--->1) Federal Question - arises under Constitution, laws or treaties of U.S.

--->2) Diversity (2)
-------->(a) Amount in Controversy - Good faith allegation of more than 75K

-------->(b) Complete Diversity (2)
---------------->(1) Need complete diversity between the parties, which means no Plaintiff and no Defendant is from the same state. It is based on where parties are domiciled at commencemenet of lawsuit.
---------------->(2) Domicile (2)
----------------------------->(i) 2 Factors (2)
------------------------------------->(AA) Physicial Residence - Fixed permanent residence
------------------------------------->(BB) Intent to Remain - employed, votes, pays taxes
----------------------------->(ii) Corp.
------------------------------------->(AA) Any state where incorporated
------------------------------------->(BB) & also PPB - "nerve center" - Headquarter/center where corp's officers direct, control, and coordinate the corporation's activities (NOT where corp. simply holds its board meetings)

3. SUPPLEMENTAL (2)
--->1.) BLL: Each claim must have its own basis for jurisdiction. Where the court has original jurisdiction, it has supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims that are so related that they form part of the same case or controversy (includes claims that involve joinder or intervention)

--->2) Elements (2)
-------->(a) If federal claim, fed. claim must be substantial
-------->(b) Supplemental claim must form part of same controversy, i.e., Same transaction or occurrence -- OR -- Common nucleus of operative facts

4. REMOVAL (2)
--->1) Plaintiff sues in state court: Def. removes to fed. court
--->2) Section 1441 - from state court to Fed. Court (to district embracing state court) by Def. only (to prevent prejudice)
--->3)Test -- Removable if could have been heard in Fed. Court (i.e., need SMJ)

Front 107

ALL LEVEL 2

Civil Procedure - Stage 1

Joinder - (Parties & Claims) (3)

Back 107

1. Claims

2. Parties

3. Class Action

Hint 107

***GR: Plaintiff is the master of his suit; can decide which claims to bring, which parties to sue, and where to bring the claim.

1. JOINDER OF CLAIMS - (Rule 13) - (2)
--->Counter (2)
-------->(a) Def asserts claim against apposing party (Pla.)
-------->(b) Two Types (2)
---------------->(1) Compulsory - if arises out of same T/O, must assert or waive
---------------->(2) Permissive (3)
----------------------------->(i) Does not arise out of same T/O
----------------------------->(ii) Must have its own SMJ
----------------------------->(iii) No supplemental j.d.

--->Cross (3)
-------->(a) Claims against a co-party
-------->(b) Must arise from same T/O as main claim
-------->(c) Court will assert supplemental j.d.

2. PARTIES (2)
--->Parties (2)
-------->(a) Permissive
-------->(b) Compulsory (2)
------------------>(1) Step 1: Necessary if (2)
--------------------------->(i) Without, can't afford complete relief
--------------------------->(ii) or, absentee harmed, subject to double liability, or inconsistent judgment

------------------>(2) Step 2: Indispensable (2)
--------------------------->(i) Would presence deprive court of jurisdiction (destroy diversity, or not be within PJ of court)?
--------------------------->(ii) If so, Court must decide* wheter to proceed without necessary party, or dismiss the case.
* = Factors (4)
------>(1) Alternate forum practical
------>(2) Likelihoodof prejudice to anyone
------>(3) Can court shape relief that will reduce prejudice?
------>(4) Adequate judgment possible w/o joinder?

--->Other Parties (3)
-------->(a) Impleader - Hypo: Dft joins a new party who may be liable to dft for indemnity (i.e., liable to dft for reimbursement) or contribution (i.e., liable to pay party of dft's damages)
-------->(b) Intervention - Non-party becomes a party to protect his interests as Pla or Dft
-------->(c) Interpleader - Hypo: Stakeholder joins all claimants in one action.


3. CLASS ACTION (4)
--->Numerosity (so numerous, joinder impractical)
--->Common question of law or fact
--->Typicality - claim of representative must be typical of those in class
--->Adequate representation - class representative & lawyer must adequately protect interest of class
--->Type - Prejudice; Injunctive; Damage

Front 108

ALL LEVEL 2

Civil Procedure - Stage 1

Venue (Where)

Back 108

Venue (Where)

Hint 108

Venue (Where) (3)
--->1) Section 1341 - where the claim will be heard

--->2) Rules (2)
-------->(a) All Def's reside*
-------->(b) Claim arose*
* = if neither (a) nor (b) provide venue, then (2)
--------------->(1) Diversity: any district where any def subject to PJ
--------------->(2) Fed. Q: any district where any def can be found

--->3) Change of Venue (2)
-------->(a) Inconvenient Forum (2)
--------------->(1) CL discretion to dismiss even if forum proper, because very inconvenient; burden on def.
--------------->(2) Factors (5)
------------------------>(i) Convenience of the parties
------------------------>(ii) Location of the witness
------------------------>(iii) Location of the evidence
------------------------>(iv) State interest
------------------------>(v) Foreign interest

-------->(b) Section 1404 Transfer (2)
--------------->(1) Court may transfer a suit to any other district where the suit originally might have been brought, for the convenience of the parties & interests of justice. It is not a dismissal - just a transfer.
--------------->(2) Factors (2)
------------------------>(i) Main (2)
---------------------------------->(1a) "Ends of justice" require and there is an alternate forum, or
---------------------------------->(2a) All parties consent
------------------------>(ii) Other (5)
--------------------------------->(1a) Residence of parties
---------------------------------->(2a) Location of witnesses
---------------------------------->(3a) Costs
---------------------------------->(4a) Access to evidence
---------------------------------->(5a) Enforceability of judgment

Front 109

ALL LEVEL 2

Civil Procedure - Stage 1

Choice of Law (Erie)

Back 109

(Erie) If diversity, usually discuss

Hint 109

--->Issue in diversity cases

--->BLL: In a diversity case, Fed. Court must apply the state substantive law and the federal procedural law. Twin policies of discouraging forum shopping and inequitable administration of laws.

--->Step 1: (2)
-------->(a) If SL or tolling, then = substantive for Erie purposes
-------->(b) If FRCP/FRE directly on point that conflicts with state law, then apply fed.

--->Step 2: Apply Outcome Determinative Test - Outcome Determinative - would applying the fed. or state rule affect the outcome? (2)
-------->(a) If yes, then substantive - use state law.
-------->(b) If no, then procedural, use federal law.

Front 110

ALL LEVEL 2

Civil Procedure - Stage 1

Pleadings - (Filing Complaint & Answer) (3)

Back 110

1. Complaint

2. Challenges to the Complaint

3. Amendments

Hint 110

1. Complaint
--->Notice Pleading (FRCP) (2)
-------->(a) Complaint must contain (3)
---------------->(1) Short plain statement of grounds for jurisdiction (SMJ)
---------------->(2) Short plain statement of claim showing pleader is entitled to relief
---------------->(3) A demand for judgment

-------->(b) Heightened standard

2. Challenges to the Complaint (3)
--->Def has 20 days to respond in one of 2 ways: 12(b) motion or answer
--->Rule 12 Motions
--->Answer - Affirmative Defenses - particularity, e.g., (7)
-------->(a) S.L.
-------->(b) R.J.
-------->(c) S of F
-------->(d) Accord & Satisfaction
-------->(e) A.P.
-------->(f) Fraud
-------->(g) Estoppel

3. Amendments (2)
--->GR: Courts generally allow unless adverse party will be prejudiced. Burden is on adverse party.
--->Doctrine of Relation Back (2)
-------->(a) Defn: Moves effective date of complaint or amendment to date of original pleadings so that it will be within the statute of limitation. Applies where wrong party named or parties co-tortfeasors and one was not named.
-------->(b) Elements (3)
----------------->(i) Concerns same conduct, transaction or occurrence
----------------->(ii) New party knew within 120 days of filing (had notice)
----------------->(iii) New party knew that but for mistake, it could have been named originally

Front 111

ALL LEVEL 2

Civil Procedure - Stage 2

Discovery / Disclosure (6)

Back 111

1. Scope

2. Automatic

3. Devices

4. Protective Order

5. Sanctions

6. Pre-Trial Conference

Hint 111

1. SCOPE -- (2)
--->1) May inquire into all non-privileged information that is relevant and reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.

--->2) Issue - Work Product (Limitation)

2. AUTOMATIC

--->Tools (2)
-------->(a) Non-Party (Deposition)
-------->(b) Party (4)
----------------->(1) Interrogatories
----------------->(2) Request to Produce
----------------->(3) Physicial or Mental Exam
----------------->(4) Request for Admission

--->Sanctions

--->Pre-Trial Conference - to promote settlement; narrow issues

Front 112

ALL LEVEL 2

Civil Procedure - Stage 2

Pre-Trial Motions (5)

Back 112

1. 12(b)(6) Failure to State a Claim

2. Judgment on the Pleadings

3. Summary Judgment

4. Default Judgment

5. Dismissal

Hint 112

1. 12(b) (6) Failure to State a Claim


2. JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS
--->12(c) - Filed after pleadings closed: Motion for judgment on the pleadings

3. SUMMARY JUDGMENT - (any time prior to trial)
--->2 Part Test
-------->(a) No genuine issue of material fact - movant's burden
-------->(b) Moving party entitled to judgment as a matter of law

4. DEFAULT JUDGMENT
--->Default entered by (2)
-------->(a) Clerk if no response & claim for sum is certain
-------->(b) Court - all other cases

5. DISMISSAL
--->Voluntary
--->Involuntary

Front 113

ALL LEVEL 2

Civil Procedure - Stage 2

Trial Issues (3)

Back 113

1. Right to Jury Trial

2. Law / Equity Distinction

3. Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law

Hint 113

1. RIGHT TO JURY (2)
--->1) Must demand in writing, no later than 10 days after service of last pleading raising jury triable issue

--->2) 7th Amendment preserves right in law but not in equity. (But note: does not apply to states - selective incorporation of the Bill of Rights)

2. LAW / EQUITY DISTINCTION (2)
--->1) Focus on remedy

--->2) Fed. - always try jury issue first, even if legal claim incidental

3. MOTION FOR JUDGMENT AS MATTER OF LAW (2)
--->1) Motion made during bench / jury trial, asserting that there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a jury to find for the other party

--->2) Timing (2)
-------->(a) By Def. -- twice (2)
---------------->(i) Close of Plaintiff's evidence
---------------->(ii) Close of all evidence

-------->(b) By Plaintiff - once, at close of all evidence

Front 114

ALL LEVEL 2

Civil Procedure - Stage 2

Post Trial Motions (2)

Back 114

1. Renewed Motion for Judgment as Matter of Law

2. New Trial

Hint 114

1. Renewed Motion for Judgment as Matter of Law (2)
---->Device for nullifying irrational jury verdicts - made after jury verdict or within 10 days after judgment

---->Standard - no reasonable jury could have decided this way


2. New Trial

Front 115

ALL LEVEL 2

Civil Procedure - Stage 2

Final Judgment Rule

Back 115

Ultimate decision by trial court on merits of entire case - nothing remains to be done except execute final judgment

Hint 115

Final Judge Rule - Appealallowed only from final judgments

--->Exceptions (2)
-------->(a) Multiple claims where one is specifically enforceable

-------->(b) Collateral order doctrine (immediate appeal) - where important question is collateral (unrelated) to underlying merits of dispute

--->Note: Interlocutory orders generally not appealable unless the issue is injunction (e.g., denial to dismiss due to lack of SMJ is an interlocutory order)

Front 116

ALL LEVEL 2

Civil Procedure - Stage 2

Res Judicata / Collateral Estoppel (2) -- (4/5)

Back 116

1. Res Judicata - Same Claim (4)
--->(a) Parties
--->(b) Claim
--->(c) V.F.J.
--->(d) On Merits

2. Collateral Estoppel - Same Issue (5)
--->(a) Party in Prior Lawsuit
--->(b) Identical Issue
--->(c) Actually Litigated
--->(d) Necessarily Determined
--->(e) Full and Fair Opportunity to Litigate

Hint 116

1. Res Judicata - Same Claim - (Claim Preclusion) (4)
***Valid final judgments on the merits of a claim precluded reassertion of same claims between same parties
--->(a) Parties - same Pla. and Def.
--->(b) Claim - right to relief arising from same T/O
--->(c) V.F.J. - final judgment rule: nothing left but judgment
--->(d) On Merits - e.g., not disposed of by (4)
-------->(1) SL
-------->(2) Lack of jurisdiction
-------->(3) Venue
-------->(4) Without prejudice

2. Collateral Estoppel - Same Issue - (Issue Preclusion) (5)
***Defn: Precluded re-litigation of particular issues already litigated.
--->(a) Party in Prior Lawsuit
--->(b) Identical Issue
--->(c) Actually Litigated
--->(d) Necessarily Determined
--->(e) Full and Fair Opportunity to Litigate