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23 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid,
hereditary material
Gene
segment of DNA that codes for a functional product

Usually protein
sometimes RNA
Chromosome
cellular structure made up of genes linked together

complexed with protein
circular in bacteria
linear in eukaryotes
RNA
ribonucleic acid,
compounds involved in protein synthesis
Transcription
DNA to RNA
Translation
RNA to Proteins
Mutation
Chemical Change in DNA
Genotype
genetic constitution of the cell

genetic potential- DNA in molecular terms

genone- entire collection of genes of organism
Genone numbers for humans & bacteria
Humans- approx 30,000 genes
Bacteria- approx 2,000 genes
Phenotype & what it includes
expressed properties of cell
Includes morphology, metabolism, & pathogenicity

In molecular terms-- entire collection of proteins (proteome)
# of proteins in humans and bacteria
Humans- 100,000's
Bacteria- 2,000
DNA structure
described in paper published by Watson & Crick in1953 (won Nobel Prize along with Wilkins)
DNA molecule
double helix- 2 spirals of polymers of nucleotides
Building Blocks of Nucleotides
i. phosphate group
ii. pentose (5-carbon) sugar (deoxyribose)
iii. nitrogenous base (4 kinds in DNA)
Nitrogenous bases (4 kinds in DNA)
Adenine A
Guanine G
Cytosine C
Thymine T
How are nucleotides named?
named according to their base

example: thymine nucleotide or thymidine
Watson / Crick model
DNA molecule consists of 2 antiparallel strands OP (Fig 8.4)
(going in opposite directions) with cross bars
i. strands are twisted around each other like twisted ladder

ii. = double helix
uprights of so-called ladder = “backbone” of alternating phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugar portion of nucleotides OP (Fig 8.4)
c. “rungs” of ladder contain nitrogenous bases in pairs joined by weak hydrogen bonds OP (Fig 8.3)
i. A pairs with T; G pairs with C
ii. one strand is complementary to the other like lock & key
d. evidence for Watson & Crick model
i. Chargaff’s Rule
ii. Franklin & Wilkin’s X-ray data (“Dark Lady of DNA Brenda Maddox)
(analogy to the diffracted image produced via crystal chandelier)
iii. (Frederich) Meissner: DNA content of all somatic cells of same species is =; DNA content of sex cells of that species is 1/2
Cellular RNA
Second principle kind of nucleic acid
Cellular RNA Differs from DNA in what ways
a. RNA always is single-stranded
b. pentose sugar is ribose
c. thymine is absent; in its place is uracil
3 kinds of cellular RNA are based on their function in protein synthesis, what are they?
i. mRNA = messenger RNA
ii. tRNA = transfer RNA
iii. rRNA = ribosomal RNA
4th kind of RNA
not cellular: Genetic material of RNA viruses = Retroviruses
D. (ex. HIV that causes AIDS)
Function of DNA
1. Each different gene has a different base sequence, each coding for a unique protein (or other product)
2. The sequence of bases in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein (primary structure)
3. Proteins (enzymes) are extremely important, as most of the cell’s genetic machinery is concerned with coding for specific proteins
Flow of information transfer in cell
(“Central Dogma” not wholly true any more)
transcription translation
a. DNA -->RNA--> protein
“expression of the gene”


or: DNA--> RNA (regulates activity of other genes!!)