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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define lab animal
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any animal used for obtaining information that is usually applied to a different species
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What are the two main uses of lab animals?
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1. Investigation of human dz
2. Production of biological substances for prevention/control of dz |
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What is the ASPCA?
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American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
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What is the HSUS? What is their stance of using animals in research?
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Humane Society of the United States
-recognizes the need for animals in research but lobbies for humane treatment and restraint in unnecessary use of animals |
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What is AALAS? What so they do?
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American Association of Laboratory Animal Science - is an organization of individuals and institutions concerned w/ the production, care, and study of lab animals
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What is ILAR? What are they a source of?
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Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources - resource for the humane care and standards of lab animal use
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What is the AAALAC? What do they do?
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American Association for the Accreditation of Laboratory Care - establishes standards that labs adhere to in order to be a reputable lab It is voluntary, but a good institution will get this accreditation.
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The concept that an animal used in research is selected for it similarities (physical/behavioral) to the species that the research is being applied to is known as what?
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Animal model
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Why are animals used as models?
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1. Decreases # of unknowns
2. Humans live too long for research 3. Can't keep humans in a sterile environment 4. Humans have unclear genetics - too many variables |
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Four criteria to evaluate when selecting and animal model
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1. Similar characteristics to species research applied to
2. Size 3. Productivity 4. Longevity |
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What is the biological science dealing w/ heredity called?
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Genetics
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What is heredity?
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xmission of characteristics from parent to offspring
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What are the four breeding systems for lab animals?
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Random (out-bred), Inbreeding, Hybrid, Mutants
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Describe random/out-bred breeding system
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Non-related animals bred together w/o consideration to their ancestry.
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Describe inbreeding system of lab animal breeding
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related animals bred together to produce genetically similar animals w/ traits that do not vary from generation to generation
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How many generations of consecutive brother-sister or parent-offspring mating is need to produce animals that are genetically pure (99.8%)?
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Minimum of 20 generations
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What is a hybrid?
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First generation from crossing two different inbred strains
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What is a mutant?
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Has a specific mutation from random or inbred breeding - vy expensive, usually poor-doers, ideal for specific research
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What is the biological science dealing w/ producing & maintaining animals w/ known microorganisms in a controlled environment called?
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Gnotobiology
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Main concept of Gnotobiology?
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germ-free
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Two reasons to use gnotobiotes?
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1. Provides guaranteed dz free animals for research
2. All microorganisms present in the animal have been defined (researcher knows exactly what is present) |
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What is SPF?
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Specific Pathogen Free - Animals have diverse microorganisms but **not** specific pathogens that researcher does not want them to have
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What are five factors that should be considered when designing a research facility?
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Temperature, ventilation, lighting, noises, and bedding
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When it comes to cleaning cages, clean off the what first? Why?
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Crusty stuff! Many cleaners are neutralized by organics
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What are some methods identifying animals in a research lab?
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Cage cards, non-permanent fur marking w/ markers/paint, ear-notching, tattoos, microchips, banding, and collars
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Where do all mice come from?
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Mouse-fanciers breeding in the 1800's
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What is the most common research animal?
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Mice
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Four uses of mice?
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Pets, vax challenges, infectious dz studies, and xplant studies
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What does sick mouse syndrome look like?
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Mouse has a ruffled/disheveled coat, hunched back - just plain doesn't look well
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Are mice diurnal or nocturnal?
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diurnal
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What is best food for lab rodents? Why?
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Lab block - nutritionally balanced
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How do you know a baby mouse is nursing?
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Skin is transparent - can see the milk in the stomach
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What is unique about cardiac puncture compared to other blood draws?
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Is terminal
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What are some blood collection methods for mice?
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Tail bleeding, cardiac puncture, orbital sinus, vena cava puncture, saphenous bleed
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What is the amount of blood that can be safely removed from an animal?
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1% of the body weight in grams (1 gram = 1cc)
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What is the IP injection technique for most lab animals?
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Hold animal dorsally, tilt animal down toward it's head, and draw back to make sure nothing hit
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Fur chewing vice in mice also called what?
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Barbering - usually no injury involved
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3 external mouse parasites
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fleas, fur mites, lice
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What are the two most common internal parasites in mice?
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tapeworm and pinworm
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What two mouse dzs covered are zoonotic?
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Tyzzer's Dz, Hanta Virus
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Why are mammary tumors so common in mice?
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most of body is made up of mammary tissue
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Name some dzs that affect mice
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Tyzzer's Dz (Z), Epidemic diarrhea of infant mice, Sendai virus, Chronic murine pneumonia, and Hanta Virus
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What dz is xmitted to humans by contact w/ mouse urine & feces but lab mice don't have?
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Hanta virus
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Three uses for rats
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pets, research, food
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Rats have no ______________
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gall bladder
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Rats are not able to ________
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vomit
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Rats have very sensitive ________ and very acute __________
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retinas, hearing
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Are rats diurnal or nocturnal?
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nocturnal
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Rats & guinea pigs are coprophagic - what does this mean and why do they do it?
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Eat their own feces, to regain nutrients
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Bleeding techniques for rats
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lateral tail vein, cardia puncture, orbital sinus, vena cava puncture
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Why don't you need to fast a rat before anesthesia?
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They don't vomit
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What is the name of the rat condition characterized by secretions from the eyes that turn red on contact w/ air?
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Chromodacryorrhea (red tears)
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What is ringtail in rats caused by? What does it look like?
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Caused by humidity levels lower than 25-50% in the housing area. Looks like a rubberband has been placed on the tail - edema and necrosis
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The incisors on many rats are open-rooted. What does this mean?
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constantly growing
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What causes overgrown teeth in rats? What doesn't cause it?
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Not caused by lack of things to chew on, rather from a malocclusion. A normal bite will wear down the teeth naturally
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What dz conditions/parasites do rats share w/ mice?
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tumors, mites, lice, pinworms, tapeworms, sendai virus, Tyzzer's dx (Z)
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What condition is common in pet rats?
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obesity
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Any anorexic rat should have what examined?
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Its teeth
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What are the three main breeds of guinea pigs?
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abyssinian, peruvian, and english
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What are two uses for guinea pigs?
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research, pets
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What is a factor to consider when thinking of a guinea pig for a pet?
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The are very allergenic
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Why is it recommended that a guinea pig be taken away from its owners when it is worked on?
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They are very vocal - can be distressing for owners
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Why are male guinea pigs separated?
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they tend to fight
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What might guinea pigs do when excited?
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stampede
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_____________ of guinea pigs are established early in life. If changed they may become anorexic and depressed
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food patterns
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What vitamin needs to be supplemented in a guinea pig's diet? Why?
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Vitamin C - scurvy
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What are signs of scurvy?
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won't form/damages connective tissue - lameness, teeth fall out
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Guinea pigs should be mated before what age? Why?
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10 months - pelvic bones fuse around this time and babies won't pass
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How are most lab rodents sexed?
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Anal-genital distance
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Why are bleedings and other techniques difficult on guinea pigs?
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They stress easily and can die from it. Owners should be warned.
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What are some bleeding techniques for guinea pigs?
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nail clip, cardiac puncture, jugular, cephalic, saphenous, vena cava
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What do guinea pigs often do under gas anesthesia?
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Hold their breath
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What is something that should be kept in mind when rx antibiotics for guinea pigs and hamsters?
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antibiotic toxicity - can cause fatal enteritis and septicemia
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What guinea pig intestinal parasite is potentially zoonotic?
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Cryptosporidium
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What guinea pig dz condition can cause alopecia on the head and is zoonotic?
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ringworm
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What is lyphadenitis AKA in guinea pigs? What are the signs?
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Lumps - lymph nodes (usually in neck) swell and abscess
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What are two obstetrical problems in guinea pigs?
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heat stroke, dystocia
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What condition are female guinea pigs over three years of age predisposed to?
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Cystic calculi/bladder stones
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What is the common name of hepatic lipidosis? What lab animal is it seen in? What is it caused by?
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Fatty liver dz, guinea pigs, caused by anorexia
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What guinea pig condition is usually a dental problem and is shown w/ saliva soaked fur under the chin and lethargy?
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Slobbers
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What guinea pig condition is an infection of the toes & pads of the feet and is typically seen in obese pigs on wire or abrasive bedding?
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pododermatitis
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Why is it best to get hamsters at a young age?
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Because they are aggressive - need to get at a young age and handle a lot to keep them tame
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Are male or female hamsters for aggressive?
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female
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What lab animal has large cheek pouches that extend as far back as the scapula?
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Hamsters
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What are the dark brown patches bilatterally along the back of hamsters called? Are they more prominent in males or females?
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Flank gland, males
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What lab animal hates to be disturbed while sleeping and are known to be biters?
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Hamsters
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What lab animal is nocturnal w/ short periods of diurnal activity?
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hamsters
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What lab animal can go into a states of pseudohibernation?
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Hamster
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What lab animal is a solitary and very active animal?
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Hamster
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What is present on the day of ovulation for a hamster? What should this not be mistaken for?
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An odiferous discharge will be released - should not be mistaken for a bacterial infection
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What is the name of a small zoonotic tapeworm that hamsters can have?
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Hymenplepis nana
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"Transmissible ileal hyperplasia" is commonly known as what? What lab animal gets it? Signs?
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Wet tail, hamsters - wt. loss, lethargy, diarrhea, wet/ulcerated perianal area
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Whhat condition could affect the cheek pouch of hamsters?
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Cheek pouch impaction - seeds get stuck in there and can germinate out of the mouth or through the pouches
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In which lab animal is crystaluria comman and they are also susceptible to stones?
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Hamsters
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What lab animal at an old age often developes heart dz
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Hamsters
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What lab animal is capable of condensing urine 1000x or better
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gerbils
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What animal is overall the cleanest and least odiferous of all rodents? Why?
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gerbil - they don't pee much
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What lab rodent is illegal in CA because of feral potential?
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gerbils
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What lab rodent is has a high heat tolerance, very efficient re: water consumption, and has a yellow-tan midventral scent gland that is prominent in males?
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gerbils
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What lab rodent is primarily diurnal, likes to burrow, and will stomp rear feet if territorially threatened or interrupted during coitus?
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gerbil
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What lab rodent must not be picked up by the tail? Why
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gerbil - will deglove
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What lab rodent is said to form monogomous pairs?
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gerbils
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In what lab rodent do epileptiform seizures strike 20-40% of the population over 2 month of age?
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gerbils
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Bald nose is a dz condition of what lab rodent?
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gerbils
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