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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does OFA stand for?
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Orthopedic Foundation for Animals
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OFA reviews and evaluates films for evidence of what?
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Hip dysplasia
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What xray view is sent to OFA?
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V/D Pelvic
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How many DVMs evaluate a film for OFA? How many must agree?
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Three evaluate, 2 must agree
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If the hip joints look normal, what is issued by the OFA?
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registry #
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How long does an OFA evaluation take?
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Owner and vet are notified w/i 3-6 weeks.
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What is the age requirement for OFA eval?
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min 2 years
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What is the required restraint for an OFA film?
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sedated/anesthetized
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What 7 things need to be on the image label of an OFA film?
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hospital/vet name, date, owner name, breed, age, AKC reg #, perm id # (tattoo or microchip)
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What must be included in view for OFA film?
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wings of illium through stifle
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Describe the positioning for an OFA film
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dorsal recumbency w/ V-trough or sandbags, rear limbs flexed into a frog position, tarsals grasped and stifles rotated medially, when they are 1-2" from eachother, the limbs are extended caudally until parallel to the cassette or resistance is met
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What Technique for imaging hips was developed in 1980 at the U of PA?
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PennHip
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The Penn Hip method requires three views - what are they?
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standard OFA, compression view w/ neutral position, distraction view in neutral position
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In absence of dz, _______ is the single most valuable item in predicting hip dysplasia
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laxity
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What is the benefit of the PennHip method over standard extended view?
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Has been shown to give a a more dependable, repeatable, and reliable view of a dog's passive hip laxity
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What is it called when the fit of the hip joint is loose?
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hip dysplasia
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How is hip dysplasia seen on x-ray?
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separation of the head of femur and acetabulum
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How does the body react to hip dysplasia?
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causes change in bone and articular cartilage
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what is the end result of the changes caused by hip dysplasia?
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Osteoarthritis and degenerative joint dz
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Do radiographic findings always correlate w/ clinical signs?
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No, dog with no clinical signs may have gross changes on xray, and a dog with no signs on x-ray may be in severe pain or crippled
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Is hip dysplasia hereditary?
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Yes
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What is the only positive dx of hip dysplasia?
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radiography
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What kind of film is used in oral radiography?
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non screen as it provides the most detail - bite wing film is the same as in humans
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What restraint method is used in oral radiography?
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chemical
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When positioning for oral radiography, you want the _____ ______ of both the tooth and the film perpendicular to the x-ray beam
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long axis
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A decreased ______ is recommended for oral radiography exposure
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SID
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What three radiographic changes are associated with periodontal dz?
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loss of alveolar bone, widening of radiolucent space due to loosening of periodontal ligament, and periapical bone loss
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In addition to separate technique charts for each machine, what other four things require separate charts?
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scree/non-screen film, grid/no-grid, different species (avian), different anatomical parts
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What four variables need to be standardized when making a technique chart?
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processing, SID, grid type, film & screen type
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Typical technique charts factor in a grid for what three anatomical parts?
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Abdomen, thorax, and pelvis/spine
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Typical technique charts do not factor in a grid for what two things?
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extremities/skull and avian/exotics
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What features make for a good dog model to use when creating a technique chart?
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Adult, avg. weight, moderate muscling, and a hair coat that is clean and med-short in length
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If the anatomical part is over ____ in thickness, a grid should be used
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10cm
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What is standard SID used when creating a technique chart?
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40"
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What is Sante's rule used to calculate?
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KvP
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Sante's equation
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2x tissue thickness (cm) + SID + grid factor = KvP
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When creating technique chart, what is the MA set at?
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Highest possible
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What is the grid factor if the grid ratio is 5:1?
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6-8 KvP
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What is the grid factor if the grid ratio is 8:1?
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8-10 KvP
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What is the grid factor if the grid ratio is 12:1?
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10-15 KvP
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What is the grid factor if the grid ratio is 16:1?
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20 KvP
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What do you do if the film is too dark when creating a technique chart?
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decrease MAS by 30-50%
decrease KvP by 10-15% |
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What do you do if the film is too light when creating a technique chart?
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Increase MAS by 30-50%
Increase KvP by 30-50% |
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What is the formula to calculate the time when creating a technique chart? What is done if a grid is used?
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Time = MAS/MA
Time is doubled if using a grid |
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When creating a techniques chart, what is done to the KvP in relation to every cm of thickness?
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Increased/decreased proportionately by 2 KvP
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