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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How are cell cycles regulated
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By Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent kinase (also cyclin-dependent kindase inhibitors)
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Types of small (3) and big (4) mutations
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Small: Point mutations, microdeletions, methylation errors
Big: Translocations, large deletions, amplification, duplication |
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2 Classes of cancer genes
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1. Oncognes
2. Tumour suppressor genes |
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Retinoblastoma
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Most common eye tumour in children. Requires 2 RB-1 genes to be knocked out.
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Oncogenes usually code for... (5)
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1. Growth factors
2. Growth factor receptors 3. Signal transduction proteins 4. Nuclear regulators 5. Cell cycle regulators |
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Oncogene mutations (4)
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1. Point mutation
2. Amplification 3. Translocation 5. Viral Insertion |
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Normal function of Tumour Suppressor Genes (2)
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1. Gatekeepers
2. Caretakers |
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Mechanism of tumour suppressor gene inactivation (4)
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1. Point mutation or small deletion
2. Major chromosomal loss or deletion 3. Replacement of normal allele by abnormal allele 4. Gene silencing |
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How does Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer occur?
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Mutation of Mismatch repair gene
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Hallmarks of Cancer (4 or 6)
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1. Genomic instability
2. Inappropriate cell proliferation 3. Angiogenesis 4. Invasion and metastasis 1) Sustained angiogenesis 2) Self-sufficiency in growth signals 3) Insensitivy to antigrowth signals 4) Tissue invasion and metastasis 5) Limitless replicative potential 6) Evasion of apotosis |
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Positive and negative angiogenesis regulators and what are they regulated by?
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Positive: VEGF (ras oncogene), bFGF
Negative: Thrombospondin-1 (p53 tumour suppressor gene) |
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What the two major subtypes of cell adhesion molecules and what are their functions.
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Integrins: Allow cells to sense their extracellular environment and regulate proliferation and apoptosis.
Cadherins: Mediate cell-cell interaction |
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Cancer grows in what manner?
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Gompertzian manner.
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Characterization of poorly differentiated cells.
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1. Pleomorphism
2. Hyperchromatism 3. Increased nuclear size and irregular contour 4. Increased mitotic activity 5. Loss of polarity |
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Components of diagnosis of cancer (6)
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1. Incidence
2. Age 3. Gender 4. Risk factors 5. Pathology 6. Pathways of Spread |
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What are the systemic effect of malignancy? (2)
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1. Anorexia
2. Cachexia |
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Types of Chemotherapy (5)
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1. Primary Chemotherapy
2. Adjuvant Chemotherapy 3. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy 4. Maintenance Chemotherapy 5. Palliative Chemotherapy |
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Three types of Radiation Therapy
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1. Teletherapy or external beam radiation
2. Brachytherapy 3. Isotope Therapy |
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Common toxicities of chemotherapy (7)
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1. Bone marrow suppression
2. Gastrointestinal 3. Cardiotoxicity 4. Hair & nails 5. Nervous system 6. Infertility 7. Secondary cancers |
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3 main types of cytotoxic anticancer drugs
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1. DNA damaging agents
2. Inhibitors of DNA synthesis & repair 3. Inhibitors of microtubule function |
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DNA damaging agents (3)
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1. Alkylating agents
2. Platinum compounds 3. Anthracyclines |
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Inhibitors of DNA synthesis & repair (2)
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1. Topoisomerase inhibitors
2. Antimetabolites a) Folate analogues b) Pyrimidine analogues |
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Inhibitors of microtubule function (2)
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1. Taxanes
2. Vinca Alkaloids |
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Example of hormonal therapy
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1. Aromatase inhibitors
2. Anti-estrogen 3. Leutenizing hormone releasing hormone analogues 4. Antiandrogens |