Xexam4 Anatomy43

Front 1

peritoneum has what two layers:
1.
2.
and when and organ lies behind the peritoneum, it is said to be ...

Back 1

visceral
parietal
retroperitoneal

Front 2

parietal peritoneum lies against what:

Back 2

body wall

Front 3

kidneys do not have a mesentary so they are ...

Back 3

retroperitoneal

Front 4

the kidneys are located in the ... wall around ... (vertebrae) and the right kidney is slightly (inferior/superior) to the left; why?

Back 4

posterior abdominal
T12-L3
inferior
because of the liver

Front 5

what are the 3 tissue layers surrounding the kidney:
1.
2.
3.

Back 5

1. Perirenal (perinephric) fat: on kidney
2. Renal fascia: external to fat
3. Pararenal (paranephric) fat: external to renal fascia

Front 6

identify the labeled structures:

Back 6

(see figure)

Front 7

identify the labeled structure:

Back 7

(see figure)

Front 8

identify the labeled structures:

Back 8

(see figure)

Front 9

Renal hilum is ... leading into kidney and past the hilum is the ...

Back 9

cleft; “doorway”
renal sinus

Front 10

... is the area at the center of the kidney where urine collects and is funneled into the ureter

Back 10

renal pelvis

Front 11

what is inside the renal sinus:

Back 11

fat and vessels

Front 12

identify the labeled structures:

Back 12

(see figure)

Front 13

Structures entering or leaving renal hilum/sinus are:
1.
2.
3.

Back 13

1. renal vein
2. renal artery
3. renal pelvis

Front 14

where are the following structures located in the renal hilum:
1. renal vein
2. renal artery
3. renal pelvis

Back 14

1. renal vein - most anterior
2. renal artery - in middle
3. renal pelvis - most posterior

Front 15

what is contained inside the renal pelvis:

Back 15

urine

Front 16

what is the pathway of the urine:

Back 16

minor calyces (many) --> major calyces (3-4) --> pelvis --> ureter --> urinary bladder

Front 17

identify the labeled structures:

Back 17

(see figure)

Front 18

identify the labeled structures:

Back 18

(see figure)

Front 19

IVC is always to the ... and veins are ... (position)

Back 19

right
anterior

Front 20

how many segmental branches are coming in to supply the kidneys:

Back 20

5

Front 21

identify the labeled structures:

Back 21

(see figure)

Front 22

what is the vertebral levels for the renal arteries:

Back 22

L1/L2

Front 23

which renal artery is longer, right or left and why:

which renal vein is longer, right or left and why:

Back 23

right
the aorta sits to the left
left
ivc sits to the right

Front 24

right renal artery is (anterior/posterior) to IVC

Back 24

posterior

Front 25

on the left side only, the ... vein comes up to the left renal vein

(impt point)

Back 25

gonadal

Front 26

where are the renal pyramids located:

Back 26

in the medulla

Front 27

identify the labeled structures:

Back 27

(see figure)

Front 28

the outer layer of the kidney is the:
the inner layer is the:

Back 28

cortex
medulla

Front 29

the medulla consists of ... and ...

Back 29

pyramids
renal columns

Front 30

where do the renal columns lie:

Back 30

in between the pyramids

Front 31

where are the papilla located:

Back 31

apex of the pyramid

Front 32

what covers the papilla of the pyramid:

Back 32

minor calyx

Front 33

what is the functional unit of the kidney:

Back 33

nephron

Front 34

what is this structure

Back 34

nephron - the functional unit of the kidney

Front 35

where is the typical place to transplant a kidney:

Back 35

pelvis

Front 36

the ureter is ... long and is retroperitoneal and uses what type of muscle contraction to move the urine along

Back 36

10 to 12 inches
peristalis

Front 37

what are the 3 common places for a kidney stone:
1.
2.
3.

Back 37

1. renal pelvis-ureter junction
2. pelvic brim (crosses over bone)
3. wall of urinary bladder

Front 38

the bladder is (anterior/posterior) to pelvic organs and (anterior/posterior) to pubic symphysis and (is/is not) retroperitoneal

Back 38

anterior
posterior
is

Front 39

what is the muscle in the bladder wall called:

Back 39

Detrusor muscle

Front 40

... contraction acts as an active sphincter on the ureter while ... acts as a passive valve and both stops urine from going ...

Back 40

detrusor
pressure of urine
back up ureter

Front 41

there is one triangular shaped area in the inside of the bladder that is smooth and is called the ... it is marked by:

Back 41

trigone
2 ureters and the urethra

Front 42

there are 2 urethral sphincters
1.
2.

Back 42

1. External urethral sphincter 2. Internal urethral sphincter

Front 43

1. External urethral sphincter (involuntary/voluntary)
2. Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary/voluntary)

Back 43

1. voluntary
2. involuntary

Front 44

identify the labeled structures:

Back 44

(see figure)

Front 45

what is the sympathetic innervation of the bladder:
parasympathetic:
sensory (carried by parasympathetics):
motor:
somatic innervation:

Back 45

T11-L2
S2-S4
bladder distension
detrusor muscle
skeletal muscle of the sphincter urethrae

Front 46

where do the sympathetics go in the bladder:

Back 46

sphincter vesicae

Front 47

what is another name for:
1. Internal urethral sphincter
2. External urethral sphincter

Back 47

sphincter vesicae
sphincter urethrae

Front 48

adrenal glands are also called ... and press right up against the ... and are enclosed by ... and ...

Back 48

suprarenal glands
diaphragm
renal fascia
perinephric fat

Front 49

for the adrenal glands there is a hilum for ... and ... but ... and ... enter at multiple sites

Back 49

veins
lymphatics
arteries
nerves

Front 50

the adrenal cortex is derived from ... and produces 3 classes of steroid hormones:
1.
2.
3.

Back 50

mesoderm
1. glucocorticoids
2. mineralcorticoids
3. androgens

Front 51

the adrenal medulla is derived from ... and is part of the ... system but functions as ...

Back 51

neural crest cells
nervous
endocrine gland

Front 52

chromaffin cells are located where:

they are similar to ... and secrete

Back 52

medulla adrenal
postsynaptic, sympathetic neurons
epinephrine & norephinephrine

Front 53

identify the labeled structures:

Back 53

(see figure)

Front 54

there are 3 different arteries coming to the adrenal gland, where do they go and from do they come:
1.
2.
3.

Back 54

1. Superior: from inferior phrenic a.
2. Middle: from aorta
3. Inferior: from renal a.

Front 55

identify the labeled structures:

Back 55

(see figure)

Front 56

what hormone and gland control the adrenal cortex:

Back 56

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
pituitary gland

Front 57

what controls the adrenal medulla:

Back 57

presynaptic fibers from greater
splanchnic nerve

Front 58

what is the neural pathway to the adrenal medulla:

Back 58

presynaptic fibers from greater splanchnic nerve pass through celiac ganglia & synapse directly on cells of
adrenal medulla