X-Ray Production

Front 1

What are the three electron target interactions?

Back 1

1. Heat production

2. Formation characteristic x-rays

3. Formation bremsstrahlung

Front 2

Anode Heat

1. What is the percentage of kinetic energy of a projectile electron equal heat?

2. What is the percentage of x-rays?

Back 2

1. 99%

2. 1%

Front 3

Anode Heat

If kVp is increased, what will happen to the tube current and heat production?

Back 3

Increase tube current and heat production

Front 4

Anode Heat

When Kinetic energy of projectile electron is increase, what will happen to the photon penetrability?

Back 4

Increase

Front 5

What happens in a Characteristic Radiation ?

((Test))

Back 5

1. Projectile electron interacts with the inner shell electron, it removes the target atom (Ionization).

2. Outer shell fills its vacancy for inner shell (X-ray emission).

* Each photon has specific energy, it = to the difference in binding energies of two shells involved.

Front 6

Characteristic Radiation

How many KeV equals to the diagnostic radiograph?

Back 6

Only k-shell characteristic x-rays with energy at least 69 KeV.

Front 7

Characteristic Radiation (test)

What type of energy is a k-shell x-ray?

Back 7

Monoenergetic

Front 8

Characteristic Radiation

With a higher atomic number of a target what will happen to the energy?

Back 8

Increase

Front 9

Characteristic X-ray

A k-shell electron is removed from a tungsten atom and is replaced by an L-shell electron. What is the energy of the characteristic x-ray that is emitted?

((Test))

Back 9

K-shell = 69 keV

L-shell = 12 keV

M-shell = 3 keV

N- shell = 0.6 keV

O- shell = 0.1 keV

69 keV - 12 keV = 57 keV

Front 10

Characteristic X-ray

An L-shell electron is removed from a tungsten atom and is replaced by an M-shell electron. What is the energy of the characteristic x-ray that is emitted?

((Test))

Back 10

K-shell= 69 keV

L-shell= 12 keV

M-shell= 3 keV

N-shell= 0.6 keV

O-shell= 0.1 keV

12 keV - 3 keV = 9 keV

Front 11

What happens in a Brems X-ray ?

((Test))

Back 11

Projectile electron passes nucleus of target atom. Slow down and changes course. Leaves with a reduction of kinetic energy.

* Projectile electron= x-ray

Front 12

Brems X-ray

((Test))

Back 12

1. Energy lost

2. No ionization

3. Patient get's hit with a Brems x-ray

Front 13

Brems X-ray

Most x-rays equal to?

((Test))

Back 13

Brems (diagnostic range)

Front 14

Brems X-ray

Below a 69 KeV or higher equals to what type of an x-ray?

((Test))

Back 14

Brems

Front 15

Brems X-ray

What type of energy is a Brems x-ray and what is the percentage it equals to?

((Test))

Back 15

Polyenergetic 70-90%

Front 16

Brems X-ray

If a projectile electron has 94 kEV of energy and after slowing, exits the target with 35 keV what is the energy of the Brems x-ray produced?

((Test))

Back 16

94 keV - 35 keV= 59 keV

Front 17

Brems x-ray

If a projectile electron has 80 keV of energy and produces a 62 keV Brems x-ray, what is the maximum energy of Brems x-ray could it produce on a subsequent interaction?

Back 17

80 keV- 62 keV= 18 keV

Front 18

Explain what is X-ray emission spectrum ?

Back 18

Shows relative number of x-rays at each energy level from 0-100 keV.

* Shows a bell curve to the right shows:

- High energy

- High quality

Front 19

What kind of spectrum is a Characteristic X-ray spectrum known as?

((Test))

Back 19

Discrete or Spectific spectrum

Front 20

What is the binding energy of a Characteristic x-ray spectrum ?

Back 20

69 keV (Limited energies)

Front 21

Brems X-ray spectrum

What kind of spectrum is it known as?

((Test))

Back 21

Continuous spectrum

Front 22

Brems x-ray spectrum

In a Brems x-ray spectrum it has the greatest number of photons which has energy of what_____ maximum photon energy.

((Test))

Back 22

It has the greatest number of photons which has energy 1/3 maximum photon energy.

Example:

120 kVp= 40 keV (energy level)

Maxium energy x-rays can have numerically = kVp used.

Front 23

What is Minimum Wavelength ?

((Test))

Back 23

X-ray energy is Inversely proportional to proportion to photons wavelength.

Energy Increase= Frequency Increase

Energy Increase= Wavelength Decrease

Frequency Decrease= Wavelength Increase

Front 24

What are the five Factors that affect size and position of x-ray spectrum ? (test)

Back 24

1. mAs

2. kVp

3. Added filtration

4. Target material

5. Voltage waveform

Front 25

mAs

What happens if there is a change in mAs?

Back 25

Directly proportional to amplitude of spectrum

* Quality is NOT effected by mAs

Example:

If double mA form 200 to 400= Twice the number of projectile electrons from cathode-anode. This will double the mAs.

Front 26

mAs

If you increase mAs, what will happen to its amplitude?

Back 26

Increase amplitude

Front 27

mAs

If quantity is increase, what will happen to the quality? (test)

Back 27

No change in quality

Front 28

kVp

When kVp is increased, what will happen to the amplitude?

Back 28

increase amplitude (crest) in spectrum with more high energy x-rays emitted.

Front 29

kVp

If there is high energy used, what can happen to its potential occurrence?

Back 29

Potential for multiple interactions and increase penetrability.

* Increase in Energy and Quantity and Quality

Front 30

What is the 15% rule ? (test)

Back 30

15% increase = Double mAs

Front 31

What is Added filtration?

Back 31

Absorb low energy x-rays and lets high energy x-rays to pass.

Front 32

Added filtration is known as?

Back 32

Hardening of beam

Front 33

How does added filtration effect quality and quantity? (test)

Back 33

Increase quality and decrease quanity

Front 34

What does the target material affect?

Back 34

Atomic number for target material affect energy quality and quantity of x-ray.

Front 35

Target Material

What will happen if there is a high atomic number?

Back 35

High binding energy

Front 36

Target Material

What will happen if there is a low atomic number?

Back 36

Low binding energy

Front 37

Target Material (test)

Explain what happens if you increase quantity?

Back 37

Increase in Quality. Target material will increase amplitude and it will shift to the right of the bell shape chart.

Front 38

Target Material

Explain what happens if you increase quality?

Back 38

Increase amplitude and it shifts to the right of the bell shape chart.

Front 39

Voltage Waveform

How is this effected and what does it do to quality and quantity?

((Test))

Back 39

Increase voltage ripple = Decrease quality and quantity.

Front 40

Voltage Waveform

High frequency generators will produce?

Back 40

Most x-rays.