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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
First Battle of the Marne
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French learned Germans plan; 600 taxicabs rushed soldiers from Paris. Germany retreated 60 miles. Quick victory no longer seemed possible.
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Ottoman Empire
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included the Balkan region.
Some of the Balkans in new nations: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia |
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Self determination
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allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live
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Militarism
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Glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war.
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no man's land
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space between opposing trenches
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Balkans
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A region in southeast Europe[Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians]
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War's impact on women
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worked with or replaced men in work force, served in military. changed peoples views on women's capabilities
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Powder Keg of Europe
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Balkans -- home to an assortment of ethnic groups: Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians and others
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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ended war between Germany and Russia March 1918
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Kaiser Wilheim II
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ruler of Germany in 1888
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Lusitania
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British passenger ship carrying ammunition, sunk by German U-Boat killing 1,198, 128 Americans
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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heir to Austro-Hungarian throne
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Russia's land losses
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Romania and Poland gained Russian territory. Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania became independent nations.
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Nationalism
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Deep devotion to one's nation
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Machine guns
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fires ammunition automatically; could wipe out waves of attackers
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Annexed by Austria, but Serbia wanted to get them
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Germany's losses
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redrawn borders, colonies mandated to League of Nations, reparations to the Allies,
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Otto von Bismarck
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used war to unify Germany. He saw France as Germany's threat to peace.
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Big Four
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Woodrow Wilson of US, Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of Great Britain, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy
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Gavrilo Princip
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19 year old member of the Black Hand who assassinated Franz and Sophie Ferdinand on June 28, 1914
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Tanks
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armored combat vehicle that moved on chain tracks; could move through barbed wire, over trenches
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The Triple Entente
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Great Britain, France and Russia [who felt threatened by Germany] 1907
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Poison gas
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masks needed to protect soldiers; caused blinding or severe blisters, some caused death by choking
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Europe's Great Powers before WWI
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France.
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Battle of Verdun
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Germans and French lost 300,000 men each
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Serbia
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Russia supported Serbia independence. Austria felt threatened by Serbia's growth
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Gallipoli campaign
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assaults to secure Dardanelles
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Imperialism
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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically or socially.
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Treaty of Versailles
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peace treaty that punished Germany
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Ultimatum
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list of demands that if not met, will lead to serious consequences
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unrestricted submarine warfare
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Germany sinks any ship in waters around Britain
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Austrian Ultimatum
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1, end to all anti-Austrian activity. 2. Austrian investigation into assassination.
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Eastern Front
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German and Russian border. Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians and Turks. a more mobile war
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Chain reaction
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Austria declares war on Serbia; Russia backs Serbia; Germany declares war on Russia; Germany declares war on France; Germany invades Belgium; Great Britain declares war on Germany
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Armistice
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an agreement to stop fighting
Nov 11, 1918. Today called Veterans Day |
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Western Front
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deadlocked region in northern France where neither side can win
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Astro Hungrian Empire splits
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Austria, Hungary, csechoslovakia, Yugoslavia recognized as independent nations.
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Stalemate
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neither side can win; deadlock
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Second Battle of the Marne
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Central Powers began to crumble. First Bulgarians, then Ottoman Turks
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Triple Alliance
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
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Battle of Somme
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British and German -- half a million casualities each. Br gained 5 miles
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Schlieffen Plan
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General Alfred Graf von Schlieffen [SCHLEE-fuhn]go west; attack & defeat France [enter thru Belgium], then east to attack Russia
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Trench Warfare
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soldiers fought each other from trenches -- mud everywhere, rats, no fresh food, little sleep
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Central Powers
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Germany and Austria-Hungary in heart of Europe [Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire later]
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total war
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countries devoted all their resources to the war effort
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Allied Powers or Allies
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Great Britain, France and Russia [Japan, Italy, later United States]
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League of Nations
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an internationaol association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations
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Alliance
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Promise to back another in conflict
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submarines
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primary weapon was torpedo, self propelled underwater missle
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rationing
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people could buy only small amounts of items that were also needed for the war effort.
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Woodrow Wilson
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U.S. President asked Congress to declare war on Germany April 2, 1917
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Dardenelles
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narrow sea strait was gateway to Ottoman capital, Constantinople [defeat Turks create supply line to Russia]
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Spanish flu
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killed 20 million people world wide. deadly strain of influenza
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Arthur Zimmermann
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Germany's foreign secretary
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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ended war between Germany and Russia March 1918
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Zimmermann note
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to German ambassador in Mexico; Germany would help Mexico reconquer land lost to US if Mex would ally with Germany
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propaganda
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one sided information designed to persuade -- to keep up morale and support for the war. war posters
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Wilson's Fourteen Points
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end to secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, reduced national armies and navies, adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward colonial peoples. Self determination
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Airplane
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take photographs, drop bombs, guns shoot through propellers for dogfights
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