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138 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Salty food makes wine seem.... |
Smoother & richer (less drying and bitter) great for making tannic wines more palatable |
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Acidic food makes wine seem... |
Fruitier, sweeter and richer (less bitter & acidic) Careful pairing wines with less acidity with the food. |
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Sweet food makes wine seem... |
More drying and bitter & more acidity (less sweet and fruity) Careful pairing with wine that has less sweetness or tannins |
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Savoury (umami) food makes wine seem... |
More drying and bitter, more acidic (less sweet and fruity) Care pairing with high tannins or oak character |
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Fatty/oil foods make wine seem... |
Less acidic Pair with high acidic wines |
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Hot (chilli) food makes wine seem... |
More drying and bitter (less sweetness and fruit) the alcohol can increase the chilli heat Pair with light alcohol wines with fruity and slightly sweet characteristics. |
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Highly flavoured food makes the wine seem... |
Overwhelmed by the food flavors Pair with similar intensity wines |
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Maximum blood alcohol concentration (BAC) for drivers |
0.2 |
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Guidelines for sensible drinking |
1 to start + 1 every hour (female) 2 to start + 1 every hour (male) |
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Restrictions covering alcohol marketing and packaging |
Alcohol % |
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How to store wine (especially corked wine) 4 answers |
On its side to stop the cork from drying out.
Away from sunlight to avoid temperature variation
Away from vibrations to let it lie undisturbed In stable temperature between 10-15 degrees |
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Service temperature to serve.. Medium to full bodied oaked whites Example - white burgandy, Fume Blanc |
Lightly chilled 10-13 degrees |
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Service temperature to serve.. Light - medium bodied white wines Example, muscadet, pinot grigio, NZ SB, fino sherry |
Chilled 7-10 degrees |
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Service temperature to serve.. Sweet wines Example - sauternes, Sweet Muscats |
Well chilled 6-8 degrees |
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Service temperature to serve.. Sparkling wine Example - champagne, cava, Asti |
Well chilled 6-10 degrees |
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Service temperature to serve.. Light bodied reds Example- beaujolais, Valpolicella |
Lightly chilled, 13 degrees |
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Service temperature to serve.. Medium/full body reds Example, Red Bordeaux, red burgundy, Rioja |
Room temp 15-18 degrees |
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Extended periods in a fridge (chilled temperature) can do what to the wine |
Cause corks to harden, breaking the seal on the wine and having it become stale (sparkling wines loose their fizz) |
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Leaving a corked wine upright for storage can do what to a wine? |
Dry the cork out and oxidise the wine |
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How do artificial light & natural light affect the storage of wine. |
Natural light or artificial light can heat the wine making it stale and old before it's time Artificial light can cause unpleasant flavors to develop in some wines. |
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A wine looks fine, but has a musty aroma. What is the most likely reason for this 1. Wine is too old 2. The wine is effected by cork taint. 3. The wine has been stored in hot conditions |
2. Cork taint |
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What are 4 Environmental factors that affect wine style, quality & proce |
Sunlight Water Warmth Nutrients |
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How does altitude affect wine growing How does altitude affect wine growing |
Higher the altitude the cooler climate Higher the altitude the cooler climate Higher the altitude the cooler climate |
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Name 4 extreme weather conditions that can cause problems for grape growing |
Hail Floods Late frosts High winds |
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A grapes skin has been damaged, what is it now susceptible too? |
Rotten grapes |
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When is the most important time for grapes growing on the vine |
Growing season, particularly while the grapes are ripening |
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Sunlight is a source of energy that allows the grape to combine carbon dioxide and water in to what? |
Sugar |
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What substance inside the grape turns into alcohol |
The sugars. Yeast feeds on the sugar to produce alcohol |
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Two reasons why some vineyards plant on slopes |
To maximize sunlight hours Irrigation |
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Too much water can cause the grapes to.... Also what does this do to the flavour of the grape |
Become bloated, which dilutes the flavors and sugars inside the grape |
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In high rainfall climates are gravel and chalk soils better or worse for growing grapes |
Better, they drain the water quicker |
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If the weather is too cool, or too hot what can this do to the sugar production? Why is this a problem for growing grapes |
The sugar production can slow or stop Without the sugars there is no fermentation process which means no wine |
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Most of the world's vineyards are found between what latitudes |
Between 30 - 50 degrees in both hemispheres |
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Grapevines are very tolerable but still require a small amount of what from the soils |
Nutrients |
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4 soil factors that affect wine style, quality & price |
Aspect Stones Drainage Nutrients |
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4 vineyard activities that affect wine style, quality & price |
Vineyard care (pruning, leaf placement) Yields (lowering yields increases concentrated flavours) Pest and disease control (damage the grapes) Harvest (careful machine harvesting or hand picking) |
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Can whole bunch grapes be machine harvested? |
No requires hand picking. |
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What is the wine making process to produce white wine |
Crushing - grapes are crushed to break the skins Pressing - the grapes are pressed to separate the juice Fermentation - yeast is added then the must is transferred to a fermentation vessel (stainless steel tank, oak barrels, open topped fermenter.) Maturation - aged in barrels vats or stainless steel tanks Bottling open topped fermenter.) open topped fermenter.) Maturation - aged in barrels vats or stainless steel tanks Bottling Maturation - aged in barrels vats or stainless steel tanks Bottling
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What temperature are white wines fermented at? |
12-22 degrees (reason is to preserve delicate fruit aromas |
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Sweetness in white wines comes from what? |
Unfermented sugars |
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What is the labeling term in french, Italian, Spanish and German for 'medium dry' |
French, demi sec Italian, abboccato Spanish, semiseco German, halbtrocken |
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What is the labeling term in french, Italian, Spanish and German for 'medium sweet' |
French, moelleux Italian, amabile Spanish, semidulce German, lieblich |
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What is the labeling term in french, Italian, Spanish and German for 'sweet' |
French, doux Italian, dolce Spanish, dulce German, suss |
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What is the labeling term in french, Italian, Spanish and German for 'vintage' |
French, millesime Italian, annata Spanish, anada/cosecha German, Jahrgang |
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What is the labeling term in french, Italian, Spanish and German for 'harvest, |
French, vendange recolte Italian, vendemmia Spanish, vendimia German, ernte |
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What is botrytis cinerea |
A fungus that attacks grape berries causing a desirable rot. Method for producing sweet wines |
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Why do old vines typically produce a higher quality wine? |
Because the yields of old vines are lower giving a higher concentration of flavours from the grapes |
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What is the meaning of cuvee? |
Very broad term stating that the wine is a blend. Its unregulated making each cuvee different from one to the next. (Some people use it to refer to special blends or higher quality blends) |
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Can a Estate labelled (chateau, domaine) wine use grapes, grown outside of their land? |
No. Have to use grapes from their land. |
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What type of climate is chablis |
Cool climate |
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Does Chardonnay grow in cool and hot climates? |
Both. Chardonnay can grow in a wide range of soils and climates |
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What flavours can you expect from a cool climate chardonnay |
High acidity Green fruit (apple, pear) Citrus fruit (lemon) Vegetable (cucumber) |
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What flavours can you expect from a hot climate chardonnay |
Tropical fruit (banana, pineapple, peach, mango, fig.) |
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What effects do Lees contact have on a wine |
Savoury flavours (bread, brioche) Creamy texture. |
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What effect does malolactic fermentation have on a wine |
Dairy, (butter cream flavours.) |
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What wine is commonly blended with chardonnay? |
Semillon Also some local varieties can be common in areas. |
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What wine can you expect from Burgundy? |
Pinot Noir & Chardonnay Small amounts of blends as well. |
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What region is chablis part of? |
Burgundy. |
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What region is Cote de Beaune from?
And name two sub regions WSET want you to know from Cote de Beaune regarding chardonnay |
Burgundy
Meursault Puligny-montrachet |
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What region is Maconnais part of and name one sub-region WSET want you to know within Maconnais for chardonnay growing. |
Burgandy
Pouilly Fuisse |
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What are the four appellations within Burgundy. |
Regional e.g. bourgogne Commune or village e.g. Chablis Single vineyard, premier cru Single vineyard, grand cru |
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In USA what are the important chardonnay growing regions? |
California, Sonoma valley and Los Caneros Los Caneros has a moderate climate due to cooling current |
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What are the two important Chile regions for growing chardonnay? |
Casablanca valley Central valley Cooling from the coast. Gives a moderate climate. |
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What is the important chardonnay region in Argentina? |
Mendoza High altitude, to bring the temperature down. |
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What is a the important region in South Africa for growing chardonnay & Pinot Noir |
Walker bay
Moderate - hot climate, cooler near the coast. |
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Important Australian regions for growing chardonnay. |
Yarra valley adelaide hills Margaret river (western Australia.) |
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Pinot Noir, key facts. |
Cool - moderate climate, low level tannin Fruity
Red fruit (strawberry cherry) leaves, mushroom, game, meat.) Vegetal and animal nuances. (Wet leaves, mushroom, game, meat.) Careful oak aging. Not to over power leaves, mushroom, game, meat.) Careful oak aging. Not to over power Careful oak aging. Not to over power |
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Important Pinot Noir regions within Burgandy. |
Cote de Nuits - gevrey chambertin - Nuits st Georges Cote de Beaune - beaune - Pommard |
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Two regions in Germany important for growing Pinot Noir. |
Pfalz, Baden |
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Important pinot noir regions within the USA |
California - Sonoma county - Carneros - Santa Babara County Oregon |
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Important pinot noir region in Chile |
Casablanca Valley |
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Important pinot Noir regions within Australia |
Yarra Valley Mornington Peninsula |
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New Zealand important Pinot Noir regions |
Marlborough & Central Otago |
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Cabernet sauvignon key facts Climate? Style? Oak? Flavours? Common Blends? |
Moderate - hot climate High tannins and acidity Pronounced aromas Great for aging Oak aging. Black fruit (blackcurrent, black cherry) Herbaceous notes (bell pepper) (moderate climate) Merlot, shiraz, local varieties. |
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What does Cabernet sauvignon add to a blend |
Color, acidity, tannin, aromatic fruit. |
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Merlot key facts Climate? Style? Oak? Flavours? Common blends? |
Moderate - hot climate Medium acidity and tannin Medium-high body & alcohol Oak often used for maturation. Moderate climate - red fruits, herbal, maturity (cedar, tobacco.) Hot climate - black fruit, chocolate, fruit cake. Common blends -Cabernet sauvignon & local varieties |
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Merlot in blends adds... |
Softness, body. Makes wines easier to drink |
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Bordeaux important regions for cabernet sauvignon |
Medoc
Haut-Medoc -Pauillac -Margaux
Graves -Pessac-Leognan Left bank, Warner than right bank, gravel soils |
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Bordeaux important regions for Merlot |
Pomerol Saint-Emilion
(Right bank clay soils cooler climate) |
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Four appellations within Bordeaux |
Regional Bordeaux superieur Cru Bourgeois Grand Cru |
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Important Cabernet sauvignon & merlot regions within USA |
California - Napa Valley (cab sav & Merlot) - Oakville (premium cab sav - Rutherford (premium cab sav) - Alexander Valley (soft texture, full bodied Cab sav)
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Name the Important Cabernet sauvignon & merlot regions within Chile |
Central Valley (CS & M) - Cachapoal valley - Colchagua Valley
Maipo Valley (CS & M)
Softer tannins, often herbal notes. |
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Important Cabernet sauvignon & Merlot region within Argentina is... |
Mendoza (meaty leathery) |
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Important Cabernet sauvignon & Merlot regions within South Africa are? |
Stellenbosch (high tannin, high acid) similar to Bordeaux. |
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Two important regions for growing Cabernet sauvignon & Merlot within Australia are? |
Coonawarra (intense structure + Calais, mint, eucalyptus.) (CS) Margaret River - (high tannin, black fruit) (CS & M) |
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New zealand Cab sav & Merlot |
Hawkes bay |
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Sauvignon blanc key facts Climate? Style? Oak? Flavours? Blends? |
Cool to moderate climate High acidity Aromatic grape variety Mostly no oak, best drink young Cool climate - herbaceous, vegetable Moderate climate- citrus, green fruit Hot climate- stone & tropical Fruit Semillon & local varieties |
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Important regions within Loire valley for growing Sauvignon blanc. |
Sancerre Val de Loire IGP Pouilly fume |
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Important Sauvignon blanc regions within Bordeaux |
Graves Sauternes |
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Important region within USA for growing Sauvignon blanc? |
Napa valley, labelled as Fume Blanc, often have oak influence. |
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Important regions within Chile for growing sauvignon blanc. |
Casablanca & San Antonio (highly aromatic, green fruits, grassy). |
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Two regions within South Africa for growing sauvignon blanc |
Constantia & Elgin (two styles fruit driven, or oaked) |
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Syrah/shiraz key facts
Climate Style Oak Flavour Blends. |
Moderate - hot climate Deep color Medium acid and high tannins Full-bodied Often oaked for maturation
Moderate - black fruit, smoked meat, herbaceous, spice. Hot - black fruit, dark chocolate, sweet spice,
Maturity - animal leather, vegetal
9ften blended with ganache Syrah in blends boosts color, tannins, acidity, adds dark fruit. |
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Grenache key facts Climate Styles Flavour Oak Blends |
Hot climate Thin skins Full bodied, high alcohol, low acidity Used for production of rose Known as garnacha in Spain & spices Maturity - animal leather & toffee As a Rose Red fruit Best consumed young, not often oaked Red fruit & spices Maturity - animal leather & toffee As a Rose Red fruit Best consumed young, not often oaked Often blended with Sarah. Grenache in blends increases alcohol, lowers tannin and acid, adds red fruit, extra spice characteristics. & spices Maturity - animal leather & toffee As a Rose Red fruit Best consumed young, not often oaked Often blended with Sarah. Grenache in blends increases alcohol, lowers tannin and acid, adds red fruit, extra spice characteristics. Often blended with Sarah. Grenache in blends increases alcohol, lowers tannin and acid, adds red fruit, extra spice characteristics. |
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What is the one red grape variety grown in Northern Rhone? |
Syrah |
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Name the important regions in Northern Rhone for growing syrah. |
Cote Rotie & Hermitage (high quality expensive) very steep vineyards Crozes-Hermitage (lower price, flatter vineyards) |
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Important regions within Southern rhone for growing Syrah and Grenache. |
Cotes du Rhone (+villages) blend of grenache & syrah The cheap wines are medium body, light tannins simple fruits, the better wines can be compared to chateauneuf du pape styles.
Chateauneuf du pape (100% grenache wines are produced though most contain small blends) (syrah, mourvedre and Cinsault) Generally full bodied, medium tannins, low acid, intense complex character, red fruit, spice, leather |
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Describe the climates and environmental regions of southern Rhone and Northern Rhone |
Southern Rhone is a hot dry climate, no steep valleys, stony plains. Northern rhone is a moderate climate, steep slopes narrow terraces, require handpicking |
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Important regions within Pays D'oc IGP (France) that produce Grenache and syrah |
Languedoc- large quantities of inexpensive Grenache led wines.
Minervois (often a blend including Carignan) Carignan gives a wine high tannins and acid. (Primarily grenache) |
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Important regions within Spain producing Grenache |
Priorat - deep colored, powerful, full bodied. (Grenache based blends) Rioja (only used in portions of the cheaper styles). Used as Rose Navarra - used for Grenache based Rose |
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Important Grenache and Syrah regions within Australia. |
Hunter Valley - Shiraz dominate, McLaren Vale & Barossa Valley - Shiraz and Grenache though less seen. Black fruits, sweet spice, dark chocolate, smoke, vanilla. |
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What is the most widely planted grape grown in Spain |
Grenache (Garnacha) |
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What is a increasingly popular shiraz blend |
Shiraz & Viognier (gives the wine a smooth texture and travels of exotic fruit. |
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Riesling Key facts Climate Flavour Styles Oak |
Cool-moderate climate Aromatic grape variety High acid Made in a wide range of styles Can age well. Cool - floral, green fruit, citrus fruit Moderate- citrus, stone, tropical fruits Maturity - petrol aromas, toast, honey, smoke |
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Important riesling regions within Germany |
Mosel - sweeter, cool climate Rheingau - more acidic, drier Pfalz - warmer, drier, fatter wines |
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Important riesling regions within France |
Alsace- fermented to dry (sugar added) bigger body |
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Austria grows riesling resulting in what kind of style |
Dry styles & white pepper |
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Labeling for German riesling (from lowest sugar to highest) |
Kabinett - high acid, light wine, fully ripe Spatlese - (means late harvest) Auslese - contains some noble rot grapes Beerenauslese - bunches of Noble rot grapes Trockenbeerenauslese - individual berries picked of noble rot Eiswein - ice grapes, frozen grapes pressed |
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Important regions within Australia that grow riesling |
Clare Valley Eden Valley Bone dry, oily, thicker skins, picked early |
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What are the two alsace appellations |
Alsace AC Alsace Grand Cru AC |
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Is riesling often blended? |
No though in Australia they occasionally use gewurztraminer yo my fruity off dry wines. |
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Gamay key facts Climate Flavour Style Oak |
Moderate climate Low tannin, medium-high acid Light - medium body Pronounced red fruit Spice (cinnamon, pepper) Usually unoaked |
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What are the three appellations within Beaujolais |
Beaujolais Beaujolais Villages Beaujolais cru Located under burgandy |
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Key facts of Tempranillo Climate Region Flavour Style Oak |
Moderate climate Medium acid, body & tannins Red fruit Often oaked Maturity (leather) Blended with grenache From Rioja DOCa
Gives blends alcohol, spicy notes, lighter tannins |
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Where is the region Ribera del Duero DO And what styles wind grows here |
Central Spain Quality red grapes black fruits, oak |
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Where is the region Catalunya from And what style of wine grows here |
Eastern Spain Range of red styles (tempranillo, garnacha) |
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Where is the region of Douro DO from and what style of wine is produced here. |
Portugal High quality red wines High acid, tannin, dark fruits Oak They produce Port here. |
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Four Spanish ageing terms |
Joven Crianza Reserva Gran reserva |
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Name important two regions within Piemonte (Italy) for growing red grapes |
Barolo DOCG & Barbaresco DOCG High acid and tannin, full body, red fruit earthy Nebbiolo is the common grape variety Barbera High acid,medium light tannins, oak |
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Important Grape variety from Tuscanny |
Sangiovese. High tannin & acidity, full bodied, red fruit, herbal, long aging oak |
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Important regions within Tuscany (Italy) |
Chianti (chianti classico) DOCg Inexpensive wines, primarily Sangiovese
Brunello de Montalcino DOCg (higher quality) 100% sangiovese |
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Italian three quality terms |
Generic (name of region) Classico (7 month) Riserva (24 month in barrel) |
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What important regions are within the Veneto region (Italy) |
Valpolicella, Valpolicella classico Variety of styles and blends Primarily Corvina High acid, low tannin, light body Sour red cherry, high concentration in premium examples. Amarone Della Valpolicella DOCG Recioto della Valpolicella |
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Where is the montepulciano d'abruzzo DOC region |
Italy Grape is montepulciano High acid, high tannin & alcohol Red, black fruits Oak aged |
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Two southern Italy grape varietals |
Angianico - high acid, tannins and body, black fruit Primitivo (zinfandel), medium acid and tannins, jammy black fruit& licorice |
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What and where is Pinotage from |
South Africa close relative to Pinot Noir |
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An Other red variety found in Californa |
Zinfandel, high alcohol, righ, full bodied, black fruit, sweet spice. |
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Other red grape variety from Chile |
Carmenere (introduced from burgandy) Medium-high acid high tannin, black fruit, often blended (cab sav, merlot) |
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Other red grape variety found in Mendoza Argentina |
Malbec Full bodied, high tannin, black fruit, often blended with cab sav and merlot Oak aging Spice notes |
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Prosecco growing region in Italy |
Veneto, the grape is Glera |
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Four other Italian white grape varieties |
Verdicchio Trebbiano Gavi DOCG (from Piemonte) grape is Cortese Soave (soave classico) Grape is garganega Region is Veneto |
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Where is Vouvray from and what grape variety grows here |
Loire valley Chenin Blanc Range of styles Also made in south Africa as a cheap bulk wine, blended with chardonnay |
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Muscadet from the Loire valley produces which white grape variety |
Melon blanc often using sur lie (dead yeast aging) |
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Premium Viognier is found where |
Northern Rhone, Also found in southern France, Chile, Argentina, Australia, California Hot climates can blend viognier with syrah |
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Albarino is found commonly where? |
Rias Baixas, Spain High acid, light medium body, green fruit |
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Two important regions for semillon |
Bordeaux, sauternes Hunter Valley (Australia |
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Important French growing region for gewurztraminer |
Alsace, |
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Where is the region of Cafayate from and what grape variety grow here |
Argentina Torrentes, aromatic, pronounced florals |
