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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kind of grapes are grown in the Chablis appellation? |
Chardonnay |
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What does the vintage indicate? |
The year in which the grapes were harvested |
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When are grapes harvested in the southern hemisphere? |
Feb through April |
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When are grapes harvested in the northern hemisphere? |
August through October |
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What is the reason for a GI (geographical indication)? |
To ensure that the wine is made from the grapes grown in the location stated on the labels |
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What are the two quality categories in the European Union? |
PDO - protected designation of origin PGI - protected geographical indication |
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Which are more tightly regulated, PDO's or PGI's? |
PDO - generally smaller areas with more tightly defined regulations |
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What is the traditional labeling term for PDO in France? |
Appellation d'Origine Controlee (AC or AOC) |
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What is the traditional labeling term for PGI wines in France? |
Vin de Pays (VdP) or Indication Geographique Protegee (IGP) |
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What are wines without a geographical indication called in France? |
Vin de France |
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What are the two traditional labelling terms used instead of PDO in Italy? |
Denominazione de origine contollata e garantita (DOCG) and Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) |
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What is the italian labelling term for PGI? |
Indicazione geografica tipica (IGT) |
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What are the two most prestigious labeling terms for PDO in Spain? |
Denominacion de origen calificada (DOCa) and Denominacion de origen (DOC) |
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What is the traditional Spanish labelling term for PGI? |
Vino de la Tierra (VdlT) |
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What are the two traditional labelling terms used instead of PDO in Germany? |
Qualitatswein and Pradikatswein |
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What is the traditional labelling term for PGI in Germany? |
Landwein - not widely used |
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What are the quality hierarchies used in France? |
Village, premier cru, and grand cru |
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What are two important labelling terms in Italy? |
Classico and Riserva |
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What are the aging levels for Spanish wine? |
Joven, crianza, reserva, and gran reserva |
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What grapes are grown in Vouvray? |
Chenin Blanc |
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Within the Pradikatswein category, what is the hierarchy of sugar level content of the grapes at the time of harvest? |
KSABET (lowest to highest) Kabinett Spatlese Auslese BA - beerenauslese Eiswein TBA - trockenbeerenauslese |
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What are the effects of barrel fermenting? |
White wines only! -gives better integration of oak flavors -more labor intensive than simply aging in oak -more expenseive |
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What does the term "oaked" indicate on a label? |
that the wine has been in contact with oak, either through aging in oak vessels during the maturation process or use of oak staves or chips. |
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Why would some winemakers want to keep their wine unfiltered? |
To avoid the character of the wine being stripped away |
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What is Botrytis cinerea/noble rot? |
a fungus or bold that attacks grapes, it can cause desirable grapes for sweet wines |
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What does cuvee mean? |
labelling term widely used to indicate a specific blend or selection helps to identify wines in ranges not a legal term, not an indication of quality |
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what are lees and what effect do they have on wine? |
dead yeast cells left ebhind after fermentation has finished and can be stirred into the wine to add a creamy texture and savory flavors |
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What is the goal of malolactic fermentation? |
to soften harsh acids |
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What are the characteristics of Chardonnay wine in Chablis? |
- cool climate -bone dry -high acidity -green fruit, citrus -recognizable smokey, flinty, mineral signature -oak flavors not usually detectable |
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What are the most famous villages in Cote dor that produce chardonnay and where in France are they located? |
Meursault and Puligny-Montrachet southern half of cote d'or in cote de beaune |
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What are the chardonnay characteristics of wine grown in Pouilly-fuisse in the south of burgundy |
full bodied tropical fruit - pineapple and melon oak flavors |
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What are wines labelled as grown in Burgundy? |
Bourgogne |
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What are the characteristics of Chardonnays grown in cote de beaune? |
-moderate climate -complex, full body from fermentation in small oak barrels -age in contact with yeast -citurs, white stone and tropical fruit, oak, spice, and savory notes |
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What are the main regions for premium Chardonnay in Australia? |
-cooler parts of Victoria like Yarra Valley - Adelaide Hills region in South - Margaret River region in west |
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what is the classic australian chardonnay style? |
-pronounced fruit, fresh citrus and melon -well integrated oak flavors -no oak becoming more common |
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What is a major area for premium chardonnay in New Zealand and what are its characteristics? |
Marlborough high crisp acidity citrus and tropical fruit mineral notes best have oak flavors |
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What are the most common areas for chardonnay in the US? |
-regions cooled by ocean breeze -CA - Russian river, Sonoma, carneros |
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What are the common characteristics of Californian chardonnay? |
full bodied intense, rich citrus, peach heavily oaked |
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What is an up and coming region in Chile for Chardonnay and what are its characteristics? |
-Casablanca valley in NW of Santiago - cool sea breezes and morning fog slow ripening - banana and melon flavors -barrel fermentation and oak aging |
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Where is chardonnay grown in Argentina and what are its characteristics? |
-Mendoza -high altitude and cool night temps -intense fruit, spicy oak |
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Where is chardonnay typically grown in South Africa? |
Walker bay |
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What climates does chardonnay grow in? |
can vary from cool to warm |
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What grapes are blended with Chardonnay? |
-semillon - Australia -colombard and chenin blanc -viognier |
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What are the typical characteristics of Pinot Noir? |
- wine is light in color - moderate or cool climates -low to med level of tannins - red fruit flavors, nut can debelop vegetal and animal nuances with age - in heat can become jammy -most best consumed while youthful and fruity (except for premium sites from burgundy) -common to mature best pinots in oak, but new oak can overpower |
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What are the classic regions for growing pinot noir? |
Burgundy (Bourgogne) Champagne Pfalz, Germany Baden, Germany |
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What are the sub AVA's and famous villages for growing pinot noir in the Bourgongne AC? |
1) Cote de Nuits - Gevrey-Chambertin and Nuits-Saint-George 2) Cote de Beaune - Beaune and Pommard |
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What are the characteristics of pinot noir grown in Burgougne? |
-med body -balance of red fruit and savory aromas -light tannins -med to high acidity |
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What are the main regions for growing pinot noir in Germany? |
Pfalz and Baden (cool climate - in south germany, rivers moderate the cool weather) |
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What are the typical characteristics of pinot noir grown in Germany? |
-light body -pronounced red berry fruit -light tannins |
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what does the term "domaine" indicate on French labels? |
refers to a producer who makes wine exclusively from grapes grown in their own vineyards |
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What are the main regions for growing pinot noir in NZ and what are their regional characteristics? |
Marlborough - lots of sun, influenced by marine (lighter style) Central Otago - surrounded by hills and mountains, hotter and dryer (ripest most intense pinot) |
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What are the common characteristics of pinot noir wine grown in NZ? |
-more full bodied -lower acidity -more intense fruit -spicy, cherry, strawberry |
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Where are the main areas for growing Pinot Noir in Australia? |
Yarra Valley and Mornington Peninsula (SE Australia) - cooled by ocean breeze and altitude |
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Where are the main areas for growing pinot noir in the US? |
CA - cooler areas of Carneros, Sonoma, and santa barbara Oregon |
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Where is the main area for growing pinot noir in Chile? |
casablanca valley |
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What is the main area for growing pinot noir in South Africa? |
Walker Bay - coastal site |
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What are the main areas that Chardonnay is grown in France? |
1) Champagne - cooler (river) 2) Burgundy - Bourgogne, chablis, meursault, puligny-montrachet, macon, pouilly-fuisse 3) Pays d'oc IGP (southern France) |
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What are the key facts of Cabernet Sauvignon? |
- moderate or hot climate -deep color -high tannin and high acidity -good for aging -oak often used -thicker skin -often blended to merlot and shiraz to add intensity |
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What are the common flavors of cabernet sauvignon? |
1) moderate climate - black fruit, herbaceous (bell pepper, mint) 2) hot climate - black fruit |
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What are the key facts of Merlot? |
-moderate or hot climate -med acidity and tannin -med to high alcohol and body -oak often used to mature -bordeaux where merlot became famous -can cope with slightly cooler than cab -adds softness and body to blends, often with cab |
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What are the common flavors of merlot? |
1) moderate climate - red fruit, herbal (mint), fruitcake, chocolate, spice 2) hot climate - black fruit, fruitcake, chocolate |
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What are the main regions in France for growing cabernet and merlot? |
Bordeaux - based around the Gironde estuary 1) left bank - medoc, haur-medoc (pauillac and margaux), graves (pessac-leognan)> cab here 2)Right bank - saint-emilion ac and omeral ac>>merlot here |
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What are the main characteristics of the left bank? |
-cabernet here -gravel mounds that drain water away and retain heat to aid ripening -wines med or full body, high tannin and acid -med alcohol, long length -tannins soften with age -black fruit |
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What are the main characteristics of the right bank? |
-merlot or cabernet Franc here -north and east of the Gironde and Dordogne rivers -merlot generally softer in style than those of left bank -med tannin, med acidity, red fruit |
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What is the most prominent areas for growing cabernet sauvignon in Australia? |
-Coonawarra - intense structure with distinctive cassis, mint, and eucalyptus with black fruit and oak Margaret River - western australia, high tannin, black fruit and herb, high quality and price |
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What is the most prominent area for growing cabernet sauvignon and merlot in NZ? |
Hawke's Bay - north island, more merlot here, cooler, med/high acidit and tannins, and herb aromas |
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What is the most widely planted grape in CA? |
Cabernet Sauvignon -Napa valley, Rutherford, Oakville specifically known with igh level of soft ripe tannin, deep color with black cherry and oak -Alexander valley - soft textured full body |
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Where is cabernet and merlot grown in Chile? |
-Maipo valley near Santiago - Central valley - Colchagua valley and Cachapoal valley - pronounced herbal characteristics, intense black fruit |
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What is the main region for growing Cabernet Sauvignon in Argentina? |
Mendoza |
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What is the main region for growing Cabernet Sauvignon in south Africa and what is the typical style? |
Stellenbosch- inland mountains -less intense fruit, more herb flavors, similar to bordeaux style with high tannin and acidity |
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What is the largest and best known region for Sauvignon Blanc in NZ? |
Marlborough |
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What are the main regions in France that Sauv blanc is grown? |
1) Loire Valley - Val de loire IGP, Sincerre, Pouilly-Fume 2) Bordeaux - Graves, Saunternes (sweet) |
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What two countries is premium quality Syrah/Shriraz grown? |
France- Syrah Australia - Shiraz |
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Where are most of the Grenache vines found? |
Spain and Southern France |
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What are the main facts of Syrah? |
-climate - moderate or hot -small grape, thick skins -deeply colored -med acid, med/high tannin -full body -mainly oak maturation |
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What are the different flavor profiles of Syrah based on climate? |
-Moderate - black fruit, blackberry, herbaceous, smoked meat, spice, black pepper -hot - black fruit, blackberry, chocolate, sweet spice, licorice -with maturation - animal, leather, vegetal |
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What are the main facts of Grenache/Garnacha? |
-hot climate -high sugar, high alcohol, low acid -full body -larger, thin skin, lighter color -used for rose |
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What are the flavor profiles of Grenache? |
-hot climate - red fruit, strawberry, raspberry, spice, white pepper, licorice -maturity - animal, leather, toffee |
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What are the characteristics of Grenache made for Rose? |
- red fruit, strawberry, raspberry -best consumed young -tend to be full bodied and dry but can be lighter body and slightly sweet as well -commonly used to make rose in southern rhone in France |
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What effect does Syrah have when adding to other varietals? |
-boosts color, tannin, and acidity -adds dark fruit character |
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What effect does Grenache have when adding to other varietals? |
-increases alcohol level -lowers tannin and acidity -adds red fruit character and extra spice flavors |
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What are the characteristics of the Shiraz/Grenache blend in Australia? |
-Full body -red fruit -soft tannins -best served slightly chilled |
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what is the main region and its appellations for growing Syrah in France? characteristics in the region? |
Northern Rhone: 1) Cote Rotie, Hermitage - steep terraces, sunlight, good drainage, complex, ageworthy wines, but expensive 2) Crozes-Hermitage - larger with flatter sites, less intense and complex, prices lower, black pepper, tannins |
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what is the main region and its appellations for growing Grenache in France? characteristics in the region? |
Southern Rhone: cote du rhone-hotter, drier, and flatter than northern rhone which is ideal for grenache 1) chateau du pape- most famous appellation, full body, med tannins, low acid, intense and complex, red fruit, strawberry, spice, licorice, animal, leather |
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What is the main appellation in Southern France for growing syrah and grenache? Characteristics? |
Minervois - complex, can be high in acid and tannin |
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What is the most widely planted varietal in Spain? |
Garnacha (Grenache) |
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What are the three main regions in Spain for growing Garnacha and what are their characteristics? |
1) Priorat (near NW coast in Catalunya) - mainly used in blends of deeply colored, powerful , full bodied wines, complex, expensive 2) Rioja - used to blend with tempranillo and other varieties, can be used in rose 3) Navarra - used in rose |
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What is GSM and where did it become known? |
GSM - is full, complex, intense blend of Grenache, Shiraz, and Mataro(Mourvedre) -Australia |
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What are the main regions for growing Shiraz in Australia and what are the characteristics? |
1) hot climates in SE - hunter valley, mclaren vale, and barossa valley -intense black fruit, blackberry, plum, sweet spice, dark chocolate, oak -Barossa - powerful style 2) moderate climates - in victoria like grampians and Heathcote -more peppery, less body 3) south Australia - blend shiraz to make complex |
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What other regions can syrah be grown other than France and Australia? |
- south africa - deep color, full body, dried fruit flavor, fruitcake, smoked meat, oak -CA and WA -NZ - Hawkes bay -Chile - san antonio, peppery spice |
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what are the main bulk production regions for inexpensive syrah and grenache? |
-cote du rhone -southern france - pays doc IGP and Languedoc AC -Spain -Austrailia - murray Darling and Riverina - SE Australia |
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What are common blends involving syrah and grenache? |
-shiraz/viognier - adds smooth texture and fruit -syrah/cabernet -Grenache/Syrah/Mouverdre/Cinsault -Grenache/Tempranillo |
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What are the key facts of Riesling? |
-cool or moderate climate -aromatic -high acidity -can age well |
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What are the key flavors of reisling? |
1) cool climate - flroal, green fruit, green apple, grapes, citrus fruit, lemon, lime 2) moderate climate - citrus fruit, stone fruit, white peach, apricot, tropical fruit, mango, pinapple -suitable for late harvesting regions where there are stable dry sunny autumn conditions |
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What are the flavor characteristics of Riesling as it matures? |
-*high acidity, sugar and intense fruit help age in bottle -petrol aromas -toast -honey -smoke -mineral |
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where are the three premium countries in which Riesling is grown? |
- Germany - Mosel, Rheingau, Pfalz -France - Alsace -Austria |
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Describe Rieslings made in Mosel, Germany |
-lightest body of the German rieslings -most famous -blue slate soil helps warmth -most prestigious vineyards are on steep slopes surrounding the villages of Piesport and Bernkastel -Kabinett and Spatlese wines - med sweetness balanced by high acidity |
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Describe Rieslings made in Rheingau, Germany |
- smaller region -Kabinett, Saptlese and Auslese wines are drier in style and med body |
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Describe Rieslings made in Pfalz, Germany |
-large region in the south, close to Alsace -vineyards around Forst and Deidesheim are off dry and med body -Rheinhessen in North of Pfalz largest -best vineyards on west bank of rhine river and produce fullest bodied |
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What are the two appellations within Alsace? |
Alsace AC and Alsace Grand Cru AC |
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What are the characteristics of Riesling made in Alsace? |
-long dry warm autumsn make dry. med body wine with green, citurs, and stone fruit notes -late harvest wines made with more intense flavors with a hint of sweetness -best benefit from bottle aging - smoky, honey, petrol |
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What are the characteristics of Riesling made in Austria? |
-medium and full body, dry -medium or high acidity -citrus and stone fruit -certain vineyards can have smokey, mineral aromas which helps to gain complexity as they age |
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Where are Rieslings produced in Australia and what are their characteristics? |
-Clare valley and Eden Valley -dry -med bod -high acid -pronounced citrus -age well with honey and toast - can be smoky and petrol -sweet wines can also be made |
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Where are Rieslings produced in NZ and what are their characteristics? |
-South Island -dry or off dry -high acid -intense green fruit and citrus flavor -best consumed young but some develop honey with age |
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What are pinot noir grapes called in Germany? |
Spatburgunder |
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What does Grosses Gewachs (Erstes Gewachs) indicate? |
-high quality dry wine made from riper grapes -must come from one of the best individual named vineyards -private labeling system set up by best German wine producers from the top vineyards sites |
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What are the characteristics of Kabinett Rieslings? |
-light body -high acid -green fruit notes -med sweetness -light alcohol |
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What are the characteristics of Spatlese Rieslings? |
-late harvest -more body -citrus and exotic fruit, lemon, pineapple |
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What are the characteristics of Ausles Rieslings? |
- more body and more exotic fruit notes -pineapple, mango -highest category of the dry wine, but most are medium or sweet |
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What are the characteristics of Beerenauslese and Trockenbeerenausleset Rieslings? |
-sweet wines made from noble rot affected grapes |
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What are the characteristics of Eiswein? |
sweet wine made from frozen graps |
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where is reisling produced in bulk? |
-germany (not usually cheap) and inland australia |
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What is blended with Reisling |
- almost never blended -in australia - sometimes blended with aromatic Gewurztraminer to make fruity off-dry wines |
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What is the classic region for Pinot Gris in France? What are its characteristics? |
-Alsace -full body - dry, off dry, med, and sweet -tropical fruit, banana, melon, sweet spice, ginger, honey -richer, riper fruit |
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Where are the best vineyard sites in Alsace for Pinot Gris? |
- planted on steep, east-facing slopes |
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What is the typical style for pinot grigio in italy? |
-dry -light to med body -med to high acidity -neutral character - green and citrus fruit |
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What is italy's most widely planted white grape variety? What are its characteristics? |
Trebbiano -dry -high acid -light body -neutral, inexpensive wine |
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What are the characteristics of the Verdicchio varietal? |
-dry -high acid -med body -citrus, lemon, herbal, fennel, bitter almond -Marche region |
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What are the Italian named white wines made from the Garganega grape? what are its characteristics? |
-Soave and Soave Classico DOC -NE italy, Veneto -late ripening -floral notes, chamomile, green fruit, pear, red apple, white pepper -med body -unoaked |
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What is the Italian named white wines made from the Cortese grape? what are its characteristics? |
-Gavi DOCG -West in Piemonte -light -high acid -green apple, citrus |
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Where is Chenin Blanc grown in France? |
- Touraine region in the Loire Valley |
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what does the term classico indicate? |
- from the classic, original region, birthplace of the varietal |
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what are the key facts of chenin blanc? |
-cool to hot climate -range of styles -med to high acid -susceptible to noble rot |
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what is the name of the appelation of chenin blanc in France and what are its characteristics? |
-Vouvray AC in Loire Valley -cool climate -med sweet - susceptible to noble rot -high acid -med body -unoaked -citurs, lemon, green fruit, apple, tropical pineapple, herbaceous leaf, floral -richer, oily feel |
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What are the characteristics of chenin blanc grown in Australia? |
-larger volume, inexpensive wines -dry/off dry, med or high acid -med body -oak -citrus, tropical fruit -blended with chard to give acidity |
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Where is melon blanc produced in France and what are its characteristics? |
Muscadet in Loire Valley > Muscadet AC appellation - dry -high acid -light to med body -unoaked -neutral fruit -sur lie for body and complexity |
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Where are the best examples of viognier grown? |
-Northern Rhone -soft, aromatic, similar to chard -full body -low acid, high alcohol (warmer region) -deilicate fruity, floral, peach, pear, apricot, spicy notes -also found in southern france, chile, argentina, australia, and ca |
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Where is Albarino grown and what are its characteristics? |
-Rias baixas, Spain -dry, light to med body -high acid -green fruit, apple, pear, citrus, grapefruit, floral -unoaked |
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How is semillon used in Bordeaux? |
-blended with sauv blanc to make dry and sweet wines (sauternes) -semillon brings weight and tames acidity of sauv blanc |
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Where is Semillon grown in Australia and what are its characteristics? |
-Hunter Valley - higher quality -dry, light body, low alcohol, but high acid -youthful - neutral with delicate citrus flavors -mature - toast, nuts, honey, marmelade -good with bottle age |
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What is the classic home for Gewurztraminer and what are its characteristics? |
-Alsace, France -aromatic, floral, perfumed -low acid, high alcohol, full body -dry, off dry, and medium -floral, rose, orange blossom, stone fruit, peach, tropical fruit, sweet spice, ginger -best consumed young and fresh -maturity - honey and nut |
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Where is the Gamay grape grown and what are its characteristics? |
- Beaujolais -moderate climate -light and med body -med/high acid -low tannin -pronounced red fruit, strawberry, raspberry, cherry sometimes with hint of spice -best consumed young and fruity but some best can improve with bottle age |
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Where is Torrontes grown and what are its characteristics? |
- Cafayete region in Salta, Argentina -aromatic -dry -medium acidity, med body, high alcohol -pronounced floral flavors, perfume, green fruit, grapes, stone fruit, peach |
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What are the appellations from generic to specific in Beaujolais? |
-Regional - Beaujolais AC and Beaujolais Nouveau AC -Village - Beaujolais Village AC -Cru - Fleurie |
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What are the main regions Tempranillo is grown? |
-Rioja DOCa, Spain -Ribera del Duero, Spain - Catalynya DO, spain |
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what are the characteristics of Tempranillo grown in Rioja? |
-moderate climate -medium everything - acid, body, tannins -red fruit, strawberry, plum -often aged in oak (softer tannins, sweet coconut, and vanilla) -maturity - animal, leather, vegetal, mushroom -blend with garnacha |
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What are the characteristics of Tempranillo grown in Ribera del Duero |
-higher elevation -premium quality red wines -black fruit, blackberry, plum -oak - toast |
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What are the characteristics of Tempranillo grown in Catalunya? |
-near Barcelona -good quality reds in range of styles |
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What is the main grape grown in the Douro region in Portugal? |
-Touriga Nacional |
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What are the characteristics of the Touriga Nacional in Douro? |
-hot climate -high quality red wines -high acid and tannin, deep color -intense flavors of dark fruit, blackberry, blackcurrant, spice, pepper, liquorice -aged in oak |
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What are the most famous wines from Italy's Piemonte Region and what grape are they made from? |
-Barolo DOCG and Barbaresco DOCG -Nebbiolo grape |
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What are the characteristics of the Nebbiolo grape? |
-full bodied wine -high tannin, high alcohol, high acidity -red fruit flavors, floral, earthy , with aromas of tobacco, mushroom, and tar with age |
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What are the characteristics of Barbera and where is it grown? |
-Piemonte region -high acid -light to med tannin -med body -red fruit, red cherry , spice, black pepper -oak aged - toast, vanilla, sweet spice |
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Where is the Sangiovese grape grown and what are its characteristics? |
-Chianti in central Tuscany -high tannin and acidity -med to full body -red fruit, plum, red cherry, earth, herbal, green tea, spice -long oak aging |
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what are the requirements for chianti and chianti classico? |
-chianti - at least 70% sangiovese -chianti classico - at least 80% sangiovese |
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What is Brunello di Montalcino DOCG? |
-100% sangiovese -med- full body -high tannin and acidity -long aging |
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What region is valpolicella and valpolicella classico doc and what grape is used to make? |
-Veneto region in NE Italy -blend of grapes, mostlyCovina grape |
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What are the characteristics of Valpolicella wine? |
-pale to med color -high acid, light body, low tannin -sour red cherry -premium has high concentration and complexity of baked fruit flavors , plum, drided red fruit, and prunes *Amarone della Valpolicella |
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Where is the Montepulciano grape grown and what are its characteristics? |
-Abruzzo region, east coast along Adriatic sea -Montepulciano d'abruzzo DOC -deep color, high acid -med/high tannin and alcohol -med/full body -red and black fruit, black cherry, blackberry, plum, spice, pepper |
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what are the characteristics of the Aglianico grape?> |
-Campania and Basilicata -deep color -high acid, high tannin, fully body, complex -intense flavors of black fruit "barolo of the south" |
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What are the characteristics of the Primitivo grape? |
-Primitivo=zinfandel -medium color, acid, and tannins -full body -jammy black fruit and liquorice |
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What are the characteristics of Zinfandel? |
-important grape for premium wines in CA -black fruit, blackberry, dried fruit, prune, raisin, sweet spice, cloves, liquorice -most intense from old vines -also make off dry fruit roses "white zin" |
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What are the characteristics of the Pinotage varietal? |
-developed specially for the hot south african conidtions -close relative of pinot noir -moderate to hot climate -rich, full body, med tannin -red fruit, strawberry, raspberry, cherry, vegetal, animal, tar, leather -can have unpleasant animal smokey smell |
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What are the characteristics of the Carmenere grape and where is it grown? |
-Bordeaux variety introduced in chile -warm variety -deep color, med/high acid and alcohol -black fruit, blackberry, spice, pepper, underripeness, vegetal, green bell pepper, green beans -similar to merlot, often blended with CS and M |
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what is the most important grape in Argentina for premium red wines? |
Malbec |
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What are the characteristics of Malbec? |
-bordeaux variety introduced into Mendoza, Argentina -full body, med/high tannin -black fruit, blackberry, black plum, spice, clove, pepper, baking spice -good for oak aging -often blended with CS and M |
