Worlds Together, Worlds Apart 1

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Homo Sapiens

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- First humans
- emerged in a small region of Africa about 200,000 years ago
- migrated out of Africa about 100,000 years ago
- became the sole "human" species on the earth sometime between 120,000 and 50,000 years ago

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Hominids

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Humanlike beings who walked erect and preceded modern humans

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Bipedalism

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- Walking on two legs, thereby freeing hands and arms to carry objects such as weapons and tools
- one of several traits that distinguished hominids from other animal species and in the long run provided humans with the capacity to become the dominant species on the globe

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Radiocarbon Isotope C14

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All living things contain this isotope, which plants acquire directly from the atmosphere and animals acquire when they consume plants or other animals

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Potassium-Argon dating

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A major dating technique based on the changing chemical structure of objects over time, since over time potassium decays into argon

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Mitochondrial DNA

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A form of DNA found outside the nucleus of cells, where it serves as cells' microscopic power packs

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Australopithecus africanus

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A hominid species that appeared three million years ago; found in Africa; different because walked on two legs

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Lucy

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-oldest hominid ever (from 3.2 million years ago)
-discovered in Afar region of Ethiopia in 1974
-showed us that human precursors were walking around as early as 3 million years ago
-a little over 3 ft. tall, walked upright, ape-sized brain, very long arms

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Orrorin tugenensis

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A predecessor to hominids that first appeared 6 million years ago

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homo

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A word used by scientists to differentiate between pre-human and "true human" species

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Dear Boy

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Nickname of an early human remain discovered in 1931 by a team of archaeologists named the Leakeys. Showed that humans had started to develop tools.

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Homo habilis

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Scientific term for "skillful man." Toolmaking ability made them the forerunners of modern humans

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Homo erectus

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A species that emerged about 1.5 million years ago and had a large brain and walked truly upright. Means "standing man"

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Allomothering

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A system by which mothers relied on other women, including their own mothers, daughters, sisters, and friends, to help in the nurturing and protecting of children

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Speciation

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The formation of different species

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Shandingdong Man

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A homo sapiens whose fossil remains and relics can be dated to about 18,000 years ago. His physical characteristics were closer to those of modern humans, and he had a similar brain size.

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Beringia

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Bridge that linked Siberia and North America 18,000 years ago

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Neanderthals

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Members of an early wave of hominids from Africa who settled in western Afro-Eurasia (150,000 years ago)

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Venus figures

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Representations of the goddess of fertility drawn on the Chauvet cave in southeastern France

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Cave Drawings

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Images on cave walls. The subjects are most often large game, although a few are images of humans.

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Language

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A system of communication reflecting cognitive abilities. Words arranged in particular sequences to convey meaning and is unique to modern humans.

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Phonemes

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Primary and distinctive sounds that are characteristic of human language

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Fertile Crescent

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- in Southwest Asia, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west and the Zagros Mountains in the east
- one time rich soils and regular rainfall gave rise to its name
- site of the world's first agricultural revolution (9000 BCE)
- this area home to many of the world's first major city-states

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Plant Domestication

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Plant domestication occurred as far back as 5000 BCE, when plants began to naturally retain their seeds.

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Animal Domestication

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A gradual process that occurred simultaneously with or just before the domestication of plants, depending on the region

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Pottery

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Vessels made of mud and later clay that were used for storing and transporting food

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Clovis

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Early humans in America who used basic chipped blades and pointed spears and in pursuing prey.

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Maize

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Grains, the crops that the settled agrarian communities across the Americas

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Llamas

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Similar in utility and function to camels, could carry heavy loads for long distances

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The Sahel Region

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Area of sub-Saharan Africa with wetter and more temperate locations, especially in the upland massifs and their foothills, villages, and towns

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Catal Huyuk

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- A site in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) discovered in 1958
- Symbolized an early transition from hunting and gathering to urban dwelling and dates to the eighth millennium BCE

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Gendered relations

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A relatively recent development, these imply roles that emerged only with the appearance of modern humans and perhaps Neanderthals

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The Big Bang Theory

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Evolution

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Charles Darwin

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Transcendence (Primal Myths)

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Animal Domestication

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Hunter-Gatherer Societies

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Bantu

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Plant Domestication

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Yali's Question

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Artificial Selection

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Anna Karenina Principle

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Starter Crops (founder crops)

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The "Great Man" Theory

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Mohenjo-Daro

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City

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State

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"A monopoly of violence within a region" -Max Weber

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Ziggurats

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Chiefdoms

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Uruk

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Enkidu

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The Iliad

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Achilles

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Agamemnon

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Paris

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Priam

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Dreams

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Greek Men

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Greek Women

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Civilization

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Tacitus

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Agricola

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Germania

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Ironworking

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The Democratic Polis

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Egyptians

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Hoplites

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-Fighters for the Greek city states.
-Composed voting males who ran society, requisite for citizenship
-700 BC
-Fought as a unit, not as individuals (phalanx)
-Context: illustrated Greek societal values. Political leaders had to show their power on the battlefield.

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kinaidos

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- A subordinate state that hoplite men can fall into.
- Greece, time of the city states
-700 BC- 400BC
-These men are subortinate and sexually deviant male. Someone who accepts the opposite role than he should.
-Cosidered a social offense.
-Illustrates greek values on masculinity and power

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Sappho

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Sappho was from Lesbos and 620-570 BC was one of 9 cononical greek writers that men had to read. Her poems detail transitions from girlhood to womenhood. Deal with Aphrodite and artemis as women points of strength. Here writing was later burned by Christian bishops.

Relevance- show women could be revered in greek society.

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Garden of Adonis

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A festival in honor of Adonis, a young lover of Aphrodite.
-700-400BC
The women would party, get drunk, take of clothes, and proposition men. During the festival they are celebrating a more selfish, erotic love to younger men. Not sure if non-citizen women could participate. About 8 days long.
-It was a week to remind men of how important women really are. -They are not doing it in secret, however. It was meant to be very in your face to men.

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Festival of Thesomophoria

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A festival from ancient greece celebrated only by women. 3 stages, one public hilltop phase. Would bake sex cookies, and then they would fast (second phase). And then in the 3rd phase they would crumble up the phallic cookies and throw them in with seeds. Then they would throw in small animals.

Men would have to pay for it, and they would because it is a ritual of productivity.

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“berdache” / “two-spirits”

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Essentially transgendered.
-Among native americans, berdache term labeled by europeans
-1600AD
-Many native American societies did not have as hard a time defining this as whites do, they called it “berdache” which dates back to vulnerable. In native American societies this was honored in society because it was different, so they called it “two-spirits”. They had very specific ritual functions, such as presiding at funerals and birth, handling the deceased, prophets, ect.

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Four Traits of Civilization

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1. Specialized Trade
2. Symbolic Architecture
3. Organizaed Space
4. Professional and Social Distinctions

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Aryans

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- Mesopotamian Empire (also called Vedic people)
- Time: Lecture notes say 3000BC, book says 1500BC.
-Came from northern steppe and settled in Southwest Asia.
-Spoke Sandskrit
-Gradually grew over centuries, occupying other cultures of the fertile crescent.
-Conquered but then were able to adapt to regional cultures

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Agoge

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-Training of Spartan boys to become warriors
-Ancient Greece
-700BC
-Isolated from parents, forced to fight and steel.
-Learning to become a citizen.
- Shows us spartan values of strength.

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Polis

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Polis
-Each polis is both terrain and identity (democratic)
-Strives for autonomy, no influence from outside
-Government- temporary office holders are chosen by the public, a sense of honor to be chosen and is a system that rewards good work.
- Definition of citizen: male property owners, reasoning, the less people there are giving input, the easier it is to draw a consensus
- Tends to break down and will create openings for tyrants to take control

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Tyrant (original definition)

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The original sense of tyrant was not so negative, the tyrant is usually GIVEN power by the public in a state of emergency to restore order under the expectation that they will give it back when the crisis is over.
-Over time tyrants were less and less willing to give up power.

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the phalanx, and the Greek military mutation

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i. the phalanx (hoplite) (ca. 700 BC)
-a result of the increase of bronze working
-line up in a turtle shell of shield
-advanced armor
-only 10-15% actually die, all about honor, civilized war
-battles always fought in summer, between city states usually land

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Currency

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-Developed in Asia Minor
-600BC
-Allowed for more trade
-Stated with only state use, but then spread to private commerce.

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Aristotle

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-Athenian Philosopher
-300BC
- Political Metaphors:
Tyranny = masters and slaves
Monarchy = father and sons
Democracy = husbands and wives

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Socrates

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Athenian Philosopher
He was forced to take poison by the priests (death by suiside)
Context: Loss in Peloponnesian War to Spartans (430 – 404 BC), priests claimed that Athens lost because they did not pray to Athena enough
- He defends himself in The Apology, but pretty much insults all those who are judging him.
- Why he drank it:
o He demonstrates his principles and his faith in Democracy
o There is no way to earn his way back into system

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Alexander the Great

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-Greek Tyrant
-Alexander and ‘the East’ (356 – 323 BC)
-From Greek king to “Eastern despot”
Greek believe that tyranny comes from the east, one of their own ends up being the biggest tyrant
-Moves his base of operation to Babylon, established himself as more than a citizen among equals, gets more and more assertive and demanding, “kiss the ring” example, starts killing off advisors.
-Thought that best ways to keep democracy safe would be to spread it across other lands, but in conquering more he became more imperialistic because they greater territories.
- He leaves no heir, causing his empire to collapse

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Mohenjo-Daro

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-in Indus river valley (known as Harapa)
-2,500 – 1,900 BC
-Near flood plains
-Cities need not just area on which they are built, but also need resources in nearby areas.
-Built buildings of standardized bricks, means they appreciated that standardized bricks could be used for many purposes
- Granary on top of hill overlooking city
-overlooking “the Great Bath”, which is two feet deep so we conclude it has religious function rather than hygienic function. Water flowed out drain into rather sophisticated drainage system that ran throughout city to a series of other baths, we don’t see these same systems produced for many many hundreds of years after the city fell apart.
-They also had toilets

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Catal Hüyük

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- 6700BC
- Competes for the title of THE earliest city
- In Turkey
-There was a lot of migration between the city and farm life
-Vanished reformed and vanished again for reasons unknown
-Rooftop ladders, buildings made of clay which allowed them to mold furniture/shrines. Bull skull shrines on north wall (north to land where cows were found) Each kinship would have a major shrine and each family would have a minor shrine.
- Not fully transitioned to exclusive city living. Families still responsible for producing their own food.

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Tribes and Chiefdoms

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Centered around a chief.
1. Kinship structure: count their place in society based on how close you are to the chief
2. Consensus-builder: chief does not impose will on everybody else, he observes opinions from everyone and then guide actions based on those opinions.
3. No forceful control: no violence in efforts to make people follow chief’s will.
Led to complex cheifdom where chief had more power, which led to king states

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Sargon of Akkad

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the first emperor (2370-2315 BC)

Akkadian Empire (2335-2100 BC) - Consisted of almost all of Mesopotamia

Sargon= True king, took control of a wide variety of city states; he founded a new city (Akkad) to be the capitol

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The Chariot

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-Cart pulled by a horse
-Developed in Northern plains of Mesopotamia
-2000 BC
-War advantage
-Domestic Advantages (farming)
-We care because this allowed for a new balance of power and more food which meant more civilization
-Allowed for more trade too.

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Code of Hammurabi

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-Laws written
-Babylon, 1670 BC

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Gilgamesh

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-Early ruler of city of Uruk
-Larger than life, divine being
-Boastful and vain
-Quest for immortality ends in failure, gains knowledge
-2000 BC

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Epic of Gilgamesh

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-Mesopotamian myth
-2000BC
-Glorifies ruler

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Amorites

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-Groups of transhument herders in mesopotamia
-2000BC
-Traded with cities
-Spent winters in villages close to rivers, summers in highlands
-Scarcity hit, formed dynasty
-Came into power after 2000BC, became to Babylonians.

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Babylonians

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- Empire in Mesopotamia, fertile crecent
-1900-1475BC
-Amorites adapted to Mesopotamian culture
-Established law (Hammarubi's Code)
-Widened trade

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Hobbes

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17th century English philosopher. Says ancient life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." And that over time life has gotten better over time.

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Russo

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18th century French philosopher introduced idea of the "noble savage". Says life has gotten worse since then.

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Big Bang

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13.7 billion years ago, theorized in 1927

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Darwin

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1849

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Austrolopithecus

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4-1 million years ago. "Lucy"

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Homo Erectus

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2.5 million - 250,000 years ago

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Homo Sapien

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250,000 years ago

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Copper Age

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6000 BC, Turkey

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Bronze Age

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4000 BC, Mesopotamia

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Iron Age

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1300 BC, Mesopotamia

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Animal Domestication

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100,000 - 10,000 BC

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Hunter Gatherer

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pre-agriculture/domestication

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Mojenjo Daro

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2500 BC - 1400 BC, Modern Pakistan, First City, largest of the Indus River Valley

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Catal Huyuk

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Turkey, 6700 BC, half

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The Big Leap

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40,000 BC