World Politics 106

Front 1

System functions

Back 1

the indirect aspects of policy making

Front 2

3 aspects of system functions

Back 2

Socialization, recruitment, and communications.

Front 3

Process functions

Back 3

the "inputs"- all the activities necessary to make policy

Front 4

4 aspects of process functions

Back 4

interest articulation, interest aggregation, policy making, policy implementation and adjudication

Front 5

Interest articulation

Front 6

Interest aggregation

Back 6

The activity in which the political demands of individuals and groups are combined into policy programs. For example, in developing an economic policy program, politicians often have to balance farmers' desires for higher crop prices, consumers' preferences for lower prices and taxes, and environmentalists' concerns about water pollution and pesticides.

Front 7

Policy function

Back 7

the "outputs"- what governments do for their people.

Front 8

3 ways policy is implemented

Back 8

extraction of resources, regulation, and distribution.

Front 9

political culture

Back 9

the distribution of political attitudes, values, and beliefs within a society- collective political attitudes.

Front 10

system level

Back 10

political culture- i.e. national pride, national identity, legitimacy of the gov't (most important)

Front 11

Process level

Back 11

political culture- how involved people are in the process

Front 12

3 process levels

Back 12

1. participation (informed and participate) 2. subject (aware but don't vote, obey the law) 3. parochial (unaware- poor and illiterate)

Front 13

Policy making

Back 13

political culture- what people argue about- the role of government.

Front 14

Political socialization

Back 14

how political attitudes and values are formed and transmitted to the next generation.

Front 15

Nine agents of political socialization

Back 15

1. the family 2. the school 3. religious institutions 4. peer groups 5. social class 6. mass media 7. interest groups 8. political parties 9. direct contact with government structure

Front 16

agent of political socialization that has the first influence and can have a lasting influence

Back 16

the family

Front 17

3 Recent political trends

Back 17

1. growth in the number of states 2. trend of democratization 3. globalization: all the economic and social interactions that has created interdependence among states

Front 18

5 signs of globalization

Back 18

1. the opening of international trade 2. growth of investment 3. migration 4. growth of international media 5. spread of technology.

Front 19

3 reasons to study comparative politics

Back 19

1. avoid the uniqueness trap 2. learn about political alternatives 3. build theories and explanations for what we observe

Front 20

State

Back 20

Political systems with an independent legal authority over a population

Front 21

sovereignty

Back 21

supreme political authority

Front 22

nations

Back 22

groups of people who have a common identity often living in the same territory

Front 23

5 types of government

Back 23

1. democracy 2. authoritarian 3. oligarchy 4. totalitarian 5. fascism

Front 24

Political parties

Back 24

Organizations that have an agenda and represent a set of policy positions.

Front 25

Political parties in democratic system

Back 25

Two or more parties that compete

Front 26

Political parties in authoritarian system

Back 26

Usually one party or institution: support from the top down

Front 27

Majority runoff system

Back 27

In this system, voting happens in two stages. In the first round, it takes a majority of all votes to win. If there is not majority winner in the first round, then only a smaller number of candidates make it into the second round, in which whoever gets the larges number of votes is elected.

Front 28

Spoiler effect- class president.

Back 28

In the class, girls tend to vote for girls and boys for boys. Three people decide to run. Mary receives 11 votes, John receives 16 votes, and Amy receives 13 votes. John goes to the student council. Mary was the spoiler because if she didn't run Amy would have been class president.

Front 29

4 advantages of single member district plurality

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1. easy to administer 2. quicker 3. less costly 4. easy to understand

Front 30

single member district plurality

Back 30

aka "first-past-the-post" The candidate with the most votes wins. (doesn't have to have a majority of the votes)

Front 31

Proportional representation (PR) system

Back 31

In theses systems, the country is divided into a few large districts, which may elect as many as twenty or thirty members apiece. The competing parties offer lists of candidates for the slots in each district. The number of representatives a party wins depends on the overall proportion of the votes it receives, though no system is perfectly proportional.

Front 32

Closed-list PR systems

Back 32

The elected representatives are then simply drawn from the top of this list, in declining order, and ordinary voters have no say about their candidates

Front 33

Open-list PR systems

Back 33

Voters can give preference votes to individual candidates, and these votes are counted when it is decided which candidates will represent the party in that district.

Front 34

Duverger's Law

Back 34

The tendency that over time, SMD plurality systems reduce the number of the political parties to a greater extend than other systems. SMD plurality systems tend to become two party systems.

Front 35

Strategic voting

Back 35

When voters give their support to a party (or candidate) that isn't their first choice, to try to prevent the candidate they consider their least favorite from winning.

Front 36

Downs' Median voter Result

Back 36

In two party systems (in which two parties are competing along a left/right policy dimension and want to win) the parties will moderate their positions so as to try to win the support of the voters in the middle of the spectrum (the median voters). **Usually kicks in after the primary ***This is an example of parties acting strategically

Front 37

2 authoritarian party systems

Back 37

1. exclusive governing parties 2. inclusive governing parties

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Authoritarian Exclusive governing parties

Back 38

Political party doesn't allow any opposition

Front 39

Authoritarian inclusive governing parties

Back 39

Allows for some opposition- 1 dominant leader but they are out after a while.

Front 40

In PR systems, who draws up a list of candidates for each district?

Back 40

The party.

Front 41

Strategic parties- support for smaller parties

Back 41

Support for smaller party candidates decreases closer to election time

Front 42

Who does strategic voting work for?

Back 42

Works to the advantage of parties already large