World Music Final

Front 1

Choreology

Back 1

The study of dance steps.

Front 2

Couple Dance

Back 2

Dance in which two people perform face-to-face within an intimate space, especially common in dances of Western European origin.

Front 3

Line Dance

Back 3

Dance performed by multiple dancers side by side or in a horizontal sequence, particularly popular in the Middle East.

Front 4

pas de deux

Back 4

Extended duet in Western ballet between the leading female and leading male dancer.

Front 5

mime

Back 5

Movement form that imitates characters or actions through exaggerated silent gestures.

Front 6

capoeira

Back 6

Afro-Brazilian performance style that combines elements of martial art, dance, and musical accompaniment; the name of practitioners of this martial art/dance.

Front 7

martial art

Back 7

Form of patterned movement such as boxing, fencing, judo, or karate, that embeds values of a particular culture.

Front 8

berimbau

Back 8

Musical bow used to accompany capoeira.

Front 9

berimbau gunga

Back 9

Lowest and loudest berimbau.

Front 10

berimbau medio

Back 10

Middle-range berimbau.

Front 11

berimbau viola

Back 11

Highest-range berimbau.

Front 12

roda

Back 12

Capoeira ring where stylized physical motions are performed by two competing performers.

Front 13

atabaque

Back 13

Tall, cylindrical drum used to accompany capoeira.

Front 14

pandeiro

Back 14

Brazilian frame drum used to accompany capoeira.

Front 15

agogo

Back 15

Idiophone of West African origin with two cowbells welded together, used to accompany capoeira.

Front 16

reco-reco

Back 16

Brazilian scraper in capoeira made of notched wood or bamboo.

Front 17

ginga

Back 17

The “sway,” a basic side-to-side motion in a wide-legged stance in capoeira.

Front 18

caxixi

Back 18

Small wicker rattle filled with seeds shaken by berimbau player.

Front 19

batuques

Back 19

Colonial-era Afro-Brazilian song and dance gatherings.

Front 20

mestres

Back 20

Master of capoeira.

Front 21

angoleiro

Back 21

Practitioner of Angola-style capoeira.

Front 22

ladainha

Back 22

First section of the capoeira ritual, which contains historical and philosophical content.

Front 23

chula

Back 23

The second responsorial section of the capoeira ritual, with salutations and greetings.

Front 24

corrido

Back 24

A type of ballad, usually strophic, that commemorates important events and memorable individuals in Mexican and Mexican American history; a responsorial vocal section that signals that the capoeira game can begin.

Front 25

toque

Back 25

The rhythmic patterns played by the batá drum in Santería ceremonies and by the berimbau in capoeira.

Front 26

bhangra

Back 26

A tightly choreographed men’s group dance, originally from the Punjab region of North India and Pakistan, with pronounced leg and shoulder movements and occasional waving of arms high overhead; bhangra is a popular competitive dance in the Asian diaspora.

Front 27

giddha

Back 27

A dance performed by Punjabi women that is equivalent to the male bhangra.

Front 28

dhol

Back 28

A double-headed South Asian membranophone associated with bhangra.

Front 29

dhamma

Back 29

Left, lower-pitched head of the dohl drum in bhangra.

Front 30

purha

Back 30

Right, higher-pitched head of the dohl drum in bhangra.

Front 31

jhummar

Back 31

Traditional rhythm of the dohl drum as well as a common motion in bhangra with both arms and left leg lifted.

Front 32

bugdu

Back 32

Single-pitched string instrument used in bhangra.

Front 33

algoza

Back 33

Double-flute used in bhangra.

Front 34

chimta

Back 34

Metal idiophone with discs attached used to accompany bhangra.

Front 35

bharata natyam

Back 35

South Indian temple dance.

Front 36

Arangetram

Back 36

Formal recital performed by a bharata natyam dancer after years of study.

Front 37

dholaki

Back 37

Smaller dohl, often played with the large dohl to accompany bhangra.

Front 38

bolis

Back 38

Short solo phrases traditionally sung at the beginning of Punjabi songs.

Front 39

mela

Back 39

Festival with South Asian roots often held in the South Asian diaspora.

Front 40

tango

Back 40

An Argentinean-derived style of song and dance.

Front 41

bandoneon

Back 41

A button accordion associated with the tango.

Front 42

accordion

Back 42

A free aerophone with reeds that are hidden within two rectangular headboards connected by a folding bellows, with keys or buttons to play a melody and chords.

Front 43

compradito

Back 43

Urban Argentinean cowboy and underworld figure whose posture and dress influenced the male tango dancer.

Front 44

bellows shaking

Back 44

An accordion technique that results in an intensified tremolo or vibrato.

Front 45

habanera rhythm

Back 45

Long-short Cuban rhythm prominently used in the tango.

Front 46

step (or figure)

Back 46

Standard movement pattern in dance.

Front 47

orquesta tipica

Back 47

Instrumental ensemble with one or more bandoneón, string instruments, and piano that played tango to accompany dance.

Front 48

gaucho

Back 48

The Argentinean word for cowboy.

Front 49

tango-romanza

Back 49

Early form of the tango, with two contrasting sections, both set in quadruple meter with long-short rhythms.

Front 50

tango song

Back 50

Sung tango, with a more irregular tempo for dramatic purposes.

Front 51

countermelody

Back 51

A melody that contrasts with a main melody, or tune, played at the same time.

Front 52

organitos

Back 52

Spanish for organ grinder.

Front 53

sonata form

Back 53

A Western classical form that generally consists of an exposition, in which one group of themes is presented in a “home” key and a second in a “foreign” key; a development section, in which the themes are elaborated on; and a recapitulation (restatement), in which both groups return, in the home key.

Front 54

development

Back 54

(1) The process of elaborating or varying a theme. (2) The middle, contrasting section of Western sonata form.

Front 55

restatement

Back 55

Repetition of a melody or section of music.

Front 56

milonga

Back 56

Argentinean gathering featuring tango music and dance.

Front 57

syncopation

Back 57

A rhythmic effect that provides an unexpected accent, often by temporarily unsettling the meter through a change in the established pattern of stressed and unstressed beats.

Front 58

ritardando

Back 58

Dramatically slowing down music’s tempo.

Front 59

coda

Back 59

Term for a concluding section added to a composition in Western classical music.

Front 60

ritual

Back 60

An established set of rites, or the observance of such a set of rites.

Front 61

bar mitzvah

Back 61

The religious ceremony that marks the formal passage of Jewish boys to adulthood at age thirteen.

Front 62

Torah scroll

Back 62

Handwritten copy of Five Books of Moses used in Jewish rituals.

Front 63

communitas

Back 63

Feelings of social union and togetherness generated by rituals.

Front 64

Mass

Back 64

Central complex of prayers and ceremonies in Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christian worship.

Front 65

sadhana

Back 65

A Tibetan Buddhist ritual meditation text.

Front 66

mantra

Back 66

Ritual phrase or formula in Buddhism.

Front 67

dbyang

Back 67

A type of biphonic Tibetan chant characterized by sustained notes in a low register and audible harmonics.

Front 68

dbyangs-yig

Back 68

A song book of Tibetan dbyang; literally, “written account of the song.”

Front 69

rol mo

Back 69

Instrumental ensemble accompanying Buddhist chant; the cymbals (concussion idiophones) in Tibetan Buddhist religious practice.

Front 70

biphonic singing

Back 70

A singing technique of Inner Asian origin in which two tones, the fundamental and an overtone, are made audible simultaneously by a single singer; also known as harmonic singing.

Front 71

Tantra voice

Back 71

Biphonic singing style used in Tibetan Buddhist rituals, associated with Tantric belief and philosophy.

Front 72

mdzo voice

Back 72

Colloquial term for biphonic vocal style in Tibetan Buddhist chant.

Front 73

Mahalaka ritual

Back 73

Ceremony in honor of Tibetan Buddhist deity Mahalaka.

Front 74

mandala

Back 74

Circular symbol in Buddhism representing the universe.

Front 75

brdung

Back 75

Beat in Tibetan Buddhist musical practice.

Front 76

Santeria

Back 76

An Afro-Cuban religious and musical practice.

Front 77

cabildos

Back 77

Mutual aid societies established by slaves in Cuba that also transmitted Yoruba-derived rituals.

Front 78

orishas

Back 78

Saint, in the Santería tradition.

Front 79

santero

Back 79

Initiated priest of the orishas in Santería.

Front 80

bata drums

Back 80

Double-headed membranophones usually played in sets of three (the iyá, the itótole, and the okónkolo) in Santería ceremonies.

Front 81

iya

Back 81

The largest and deepest of the double-headed membranophones in the batá ensemble.

Front 82

itotele

Back 82

The middle-sized double-headed membranophone in the batá ensemble.

Front 83

okonkolo

Back 83

The smallest of the double-headed membranophones in the batá ensemble.

Front 84

toque

Back 84

The rhythmic patterns played by the batá drum in Santería ceremonies and by the berimbau in capoeira.

Front 85

viro

Back 85

A “turn,” referring to a change in toque during Santería performance.

Front 86

Ethiopian Christian chant

Back 86

The music of the Ethiopian Christian liturgy. See also chant (zema).

Front 87

Hymnary

Back 87

Chant book containing repertory performed in Ethiopian Christian rituals as well as the performance of these chants.

Front 88

Mahlet

Back 88

Performance of the Hymnary on annual Ethiopian Christian holidays accompanied by instruments and dance.

Front 89

kebaro

Back 89

Ethiopian double-headed conical membranophone.

Front 90

zema

Back 90

Ethiopian Christian chant; the music of the Ethiopian Christian liturgy.

Front 91

dewel

Back 91

Resonant stone slabs struck to call Ethiopian Christians to prayer.

Front 92

melekket

Back 92

The notational signs in Ethiopian Christian chant, derived from Ge‘ez language characters, each representing a short melody; can refer to one sign or to the entire system.

Front 93

debtara

Back 93

Ethiopian church musicians who are also scribes and healers.

Front 94

marigeta

Back 94

Head of the musicians (debtara) in the Ethiopian Christian church.

Front 95

angergari

Back 95

A group of celebratory Ethiopian Christian chants.

Front 96

qum zema

Back 96

Ethiopian term for monophonic chant or plainchant.

Front 97

rekrek

Back 97

The vocal slides characteristic of the Ge‘ez mode in Ethiopian Christian chant.

Front 98

falsetto

Back 98

The process of singing by men in a high register above the normal male singing range.

Front 99

melisma

Back 99

Vocal embellishment with three or more pitches performed on one textual syllable.

Front 100

cadence

Back 100

A melodic or harmonic figure, typically at the end of a phrase or piece, that creates a sense of repose or resolution.

Front 101

antiphonal style

Back 101

A performance practice that features alternation between two or more groups of singers or players.

Front 102

Sunday School Songs

Back 102

A repertory of Ethiopian Christian hymns first composed in the 1960s with texts in the vernacular language, Amharic, instead of in Ge‘ez.

Front 103

Muzak

Back 103

Customized, recorded music used to provide sonic background and set mood in public spaces.

Front 104

Barbershop quartet

Back 104

A cappella ensemble of four men singing in close harmony.

Front 105

identity

Back 105

Defining characteristics by which a person is recognized by him- or herself and by others.

Front 106

ethnic group

Back 106

People within a larger society who have common ancestry, memories of a shared historical past, and elements in common such as kinship, religious affiliation, and/or language.

Front 107

invented traditions

Back 107

Traditions constructed without reference to actual historical realities.

Front 108

consort

Back 108

Group of like instruments, such as strings and winds, in different sizes and ranges.

Front 109

orchestra

Back 109

A large Western instrumental ensemble. See Western orchestra.

Front 110

string quartet

Back 110

Ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, and a cello.

Front 111

Cultural Revolution

Back 111

Decade (1966–76) of social and political upheaval initiated by Mao Zedong in China.

Front 112

new wave composers

Back 112

Chinese composers who emerged after the Cultural Revolution.

Front 113

Gloria

Back 113

Section of the Catholic Mass that offers praise to God.

Front 114

drone

Back 114

A steady single tone or a pipe on a bagpipe that produces one.

Front 115

biphonic singing

Back 115

A singing technique of Inner Asian origin in which two tones, the fundamental and an overtone, are made audible simultaneously by a single singer; also known as harmonic singing.

Front 116

shadow

Back 116

Lei Liang’s term for a secondary melodic line in his compositions.

Front 117

one-note polyphony

Back 117

Technique used by composer Lei Liang in which the same pitch is sounded in different instruments with different timbres.

Front 118

guqin

Back 118

Seven-string Chinese zither.

Front 119

breathing

Back 119

Lei Liang’s term relating the flow of melody to the human breath.

Front 120

long song

Back 120

Mongolian song and its vocal style with a dramatically wide range.

Front 121

living entity

Back 121

Lei Liang’s concept of sound transformation.

Front 122

wenren

Back 122

Traditional Chinese philosopher-artist.

Front 123

transcultural music

Back 123

Music that crosses cultural boundaries and is shared by different peoples.

Front 124

jinghu

Back 124

Two-string Chinese fiddle.

Front 125

Peking opera

Back 125

Chinese opera genre that includes music, dance, drama, and acrobatics.

Front 126

Mahayana Buddhism

Back 126

Major school of Buddhism in East Asia.

Front 127

calligraphy

Back 127

Literally, “beautiful writing.”

Front 128

heterophonic texture

Back 128

A musical texture in which two or more parts sound almost the same melody at almost the same time; often with the parts ornamented differently.

Front 129

inversion

Back 129

Intervals that move in the opposite direction of the original melody.

Front 130

retrograde

Back 130

Melody presented backward, from the end to the beginning.

Front 131

glissando

Back 131

A musical gesture that entails sliding from one pitch to another.

Front 132

pizzicato

Back 132

Plucking a string that is usually bowed.

Front 133

col legno

Back 133

Striking a string with the wood of the bow.

Front 134

karaoke

Back 134

Literally, “empty orchestra”; live singing, usually into a microphone, with a recorded accompaniment, performed in restaurants, clubs, or private homes.

Front 135

kata

Back 135

A Japanese aesthetic principle; literally, “patterned form.”

Front 136

kabuki theater

Back 136

Japanese music drama.

Front 137

debayashi

Back 137

Onstage ensemble in kabuki theater.

Front 138

geza

Back 138

Offstage ensemble in kabuki theater.

Front 139

kata shigiri

Back 139

Well-known kabuki musical pattern marking beginning and end of a section.

Front 140

noh flute

Back 140

Flute used in noh drama and kabuki theater.

Front 141

kakegoe

Back 141

Drum calls in kabuki theater.

Front 142

enka

Back 142

A genre of popular song with melodramatic themes of love, used in Japanese karaoke.

Front 143

hayashi

Back 143

Accompanying ensemble in kabuki theater.

Front 144

kobushi

Back 144

Melodic ornaments in enka music.

Front 145

no rae pang

Back 145

(1) Literally, “song room”; a Korean style of karaoke performed with a small group of friends in a private rented room. (2) The room where the karaoke takes place.

Front 146

Cajun/Creole

Back 146

A corruption of the term “Acadian,” a French-speaking people in Louisiana; their style of music; their cultural life.

Front 147

bayou

Back 147

French-derived word for a swampy stream.

Front 148

ethnic recordings

Back 148

78-rpm discs issued from approximately 1900 to 1950, targeted for a particular subgroup united by a shared national, linguistic, racial, or religious background.

Front 149

fiddle

Back 149

(1) A name used for the violin in the context of a wide range of Euro-American folk and vernacular musics. (2) Any bowed instrument of the lute family.

Front 150

Cajun

Back 150

A corruption of the term “Acadian,” a French-speaking people in Louisiana; their style of music; their cultural life.

Front 151

fais-dodo

Back 151

A Cajun term meaning dance music; the dance halls where such music is performed.

Front 152

Cajun jitterbug

Back 152

Cajun dance with knee and ankle bends on beats 2 and 4.

Front 153

Cajun two-step

Back 153

Cajun dance with sinking movement on beats 1 and 3.

Front 154

double bounce

Back 154

Distinctive Cajun sinking dance movement on beats 1 and 3.

Front 155

rhythm section

Back 155

Instruments that keep the beat within a jazz ensemble.

Front 156

antecedent-consequent

Back 156

First half of the phrase is completed by the second half; often compared to a question and an answer.

Front 157

Creole

Back 157

People of color with mixed heritage in the West Indies and Southern United States.

Front 158

code noir

Back 158

(“black code”) An eighteenth-century social system with a free black class.

Front 159

zydeco

Back 159

Dance music that emerged in the 1950s among the Creoles of the Gulf Coast. The name zydeco is said to derive from a French expression, les haricots(literally, “the beans”), alluding to a metaphor popular among Creole peoples of color that “the beans are not salty,” that is, they are not flavored by expensive salted meat.

Front 160

gumbo

Back 160

Spicy Creole stew.

Front 161

frottoir

Back 161

Idiophone (rub board) used in zydeco.

Front 162

bals de maison

Back 162

Creole and Cajun dancehouses.

Front 163

patois

Back 163

dialect

Front 164

fill

Back 164

Drum pattern that fills in a gap.

Front 165

call-and-response

Back 165

A performance practice in which a leader makes a musical statement and another performer (or group of performers) responds with a musical answer.

Front 166

pick-up

Back 166

In jazz, a melody that starts on a weak (unaccented) beat.

Front 167

swing rhythm

Back 167

Beat subdivided into long-short rhythms.