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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The European Enlightenment period is also known as what? |
the age of reason |
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years of enlightenment? |
1660-1770 |
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_______ apparent in prevailing taste |
urbanity (sophisticated, witty, logical) |
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writers sensitive to_______, just and regular ________. |
fitness opinions |
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this was an age of presumed agreements on: |
man and nature Greek and Roman literature Christianity (evident, not mysterious) industry meant prosperity self-seeking attitudes benefited society |
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what was the standard of literature? |
Roman/Augustan |
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true/false: Christianity was one of many religions during the enlightenment |
FALSE; Christianity was the only worldview during the enlightenment period |
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18th century: _____ in science, literature, and philosophy |
Rationalism |
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what was the civil and political society founded on? |
essays by John Locke
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what were some of John Locke's foundational essays? |
Two Treatises of Government (1690) Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) |
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the enlightenment ethos: |
rationalism (logic) materialism empiricism determinism (all is predetermined by God) Utilitarianism (maximum use) |
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all of this order of the enlightenment era gave rise to rules in: |
drama architectural balance simple, coherent prose the heroic couplet |
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what was the result of literature in this era? |
18th cent writers were NOT personal, NOT individual |
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who was Cromwell? (1642-1660) |
led forces of English civil war parliament his body was dug up, half rotted, and hung out when Charles II came to rule |
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When did the English civil war occur? |
1642-49
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what did government look like from 1649-1660? |
common wealth; no king |
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who was on King's side? |
aristocracy high church peasants |
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who was on Parliament's side? |
puritans cromwell |
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what happened in 1596? |
puritans v. king |
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what came out in 1560? |
Geneva Bible |
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what came out in 1611? |
the KJV Bible (Anglican) banned the Geneva Bible |
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what happened in 1649? |
king Charles I executed |
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who ruled from 1652 to 1658? |
Cromwell |
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which bad king ruled from 1658 to 1660? |
Richard |
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who came to rule in 1660? |
Charles II |
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what did this era seem to be about? |
Aristocracy and keeping the rest down |
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what is the difference between the enlightenment era and romanticism era? |
enlightenment: rationalism/reason romanticism: emotion/the individual |
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nineteenth cent. romanticism |
resurgence of INSTINCT and EMOTION over rationalism of the 18th cent. |
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what important history happened in 1789? |
the storming of the Bastille adn the 1803-1815 Napoleonic wars (French Revolution) cutting off heads in 1793 |
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Romanticism was the "amorous of the far," escape the ______ and ______ to live in a world of _______ |
escape the familiar and reality to live in a world of imagination |
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romanticism showed a shift from poetic diction to _______ _________. From ascendancy of reason, to ascendancy of ________. |
common language; imagination |
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withdrawal from outer experience to _____; a trust in the validity of the ______ impulse. |
inner; natural |
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natural could be what? |
anti-intellectual, noble savage, the child/nature itself |
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this new common language/inner and imaginative way of writing did what to the poetic world? |
shocked the poetic world and literary critics raged, while common/everyday people loved the reality of it |
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in its most uncompromising form, romanticism is ______ |
mysticism |
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romanticism rewrote history and did what? |
changed perspective |
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Byron |
a romantic; a representative of his own age and a satirist, a belated representative of the Augustans (bad boy) |
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Byronic hero |
an extreme variation of the romantic hero archetype; usually have greater degree of psychological and emotional complexity |
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traditional romantic heroes |
defined by their questioning/rejecting of standard social conventions and behavioral norms, alienation from larger society, focus on self as center of existence, and their ability to inspire others to commit acts of kindness. |
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John Keats; when did he live? |
1795-1821 |
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works of John Keats include: |
poems, endymion, Annus Mirabilis, Publishes Lamia, Isabella, the eve of St. Agnes, and other poems |
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where was keats born? |
London |
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who was Keats father? |
a prosperous coachman; he died in hunting accident when Keats was 8 |
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what happened to Keats' mother? |
she died when Keats was 14 to TB |
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what did Keats look like? |
short but handsome |
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what was Keats in school for? |
Medicine; medical student at Guy's hospital (1815). He was apprenticed to a surgeon |
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Sleep and Poetry, 1816, included what? |
pastoral (country side) lyric (short) narrative (stories) epic (12 books of poetry) |
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what was London and Leigh Hunt, 1817, about? |
His desire for middle class which was frowned upon middle class did not have rights; politically incorrect |
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What happened with Endymion? |
failure; he declared it an experiment |
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what unfortunate medical problem does Keats die of? |
Tuberculosis |
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his love life? |
in love with Fanny Brawne but cannot marry her |
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where does Keats die? |
in Rome, 1821 moved to rome in 1820 |
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Keats characteristic presentation is usually a tangle of inseparable but irreconciliable _____ |
opposites |
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what was the foundation of opposites? |
1. we are bound physically in a physical world 2. we are compelled to imagine more than we can know or understand 3. sense of tragic acceptance |
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examples of opposites: |
melancholy in delight pleasure in pain high intensity of love as an approximation of death inclines equally toward a life of sensation and a life of thought |
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what was the result of Wordsworth's didacticism and egotism? |
Keats developed his own doctrine: imaginative insight and suspended judgement |
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where did people move after the romantic perspective? |
to realism and naturalism (1850-1914) |
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during realism/naturalism what was increasing/decreasing? |
rise in transportation and communication decline in social class barriers |
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what was happening to the middle class? |
rising and demanding more political power |
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what was happening to religion? |
decreased in influence on both intellectual leaders and the masses |
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what was the main influence during this era? |
science |
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realism |
truthful representation in literature of reality, physically and psychologically |
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naturalism |
they stressed realism but added emphasis on the analogies of science, implying that human actions are a result of heredity and implacable social forces, that people aren't fully responsible for their actions and that the universe is totally indifferent to human suffering |
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theatrical conventions of modern drama |
the picture frame stage Stanislavsky's method acting (try to become the character) |
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dramatists of realism/naturalism: |
Tolstoy in Russia Dostoyevsky in Russia Flaubert in France Dickens in England Isben in Norway GB Shaw in Britian Henry James and Theodore Dreiser in America |
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How did Leo Tolstoy grow up? |
born into the aristocracy but gave up that wealth to found a sect of "primitive Christianity" |
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Tolstoy vs_______ |
modern materialism, aristocracy and wealth he was always looking for the truth |
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what are some of Tolstoy's works? |
war and peace Anna Karenina a Confession the death of Ivan Ilyich |
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who does Ivan Iliych represent? |
all of society wanting more, following the ways of culture, finding meaning |
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influences of realism |
industrial revolution (growing middle class) scientific determinism (secularism, materialism, and atheism) |
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who wrote Hedda Gabler? |
Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906) |
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Ibsen biography |
born in Norway! (no one read norweigan writers) apprenticed to apothocary at 16 wrote first play at 21 1.5 yrs at university at 22 playwright and producer at Bergen theater director at theater of Oslo |
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what did Ibsen depict in plays? |
secularism and middle class |
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had an influence on... |
Chekov Shaw |
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what tactic did Ibsen use? |
retrospective exposition (explains layers of the past as the play progresses/explains the past afterwards) |
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true/false: Ibsen uses religion in plays |
FALSE (all about intelligence and self-sacrifice) |
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who was the first major playwright not from major european country? |
Ibsen |
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20th century MODERNISM: |
more accurate representation of reality claim to portraying a better understanding of human consciousness |
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rationalism created some hope until ____ |
WW1 |
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influences of modernism? |
Mendel, Dalton (atomic theory), Darwin |
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some reacted against rationalism with emphasis on? |
individual |
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what created modernism ? |
war |
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HL Menchen and other surrealists |
writer; american mercury newspaper, told us to question what we know |
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significance of this era? |
can now be openly secular because Christians from Victorians was thought to have brought war |
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characteristics of modernism? |
alienation, loss, despair, historical, discontinuity, pessimism, and stoicism no emotion, every man for himself the individual man over the social man anti-intellectual, will/passion over reason |
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existential
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modernism was existential; war had no meaning "only acting upon things brings meaning, usually despair" |
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what was the new rule in fiction and poetry? |
imagery |
