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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Capital
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money or wealth used to invest in business of enterprise
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Entrepreneur
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person who assumes financial risks in the hope of making a profit
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Urbanization
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movement of people from rural areas to cities
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Tenement
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multistory building divided into crowded apartments
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Congress of Vienna
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assembly of European leaders that met after the Napoleonic era to piece Europe back together; met from September 1814 to June 1815
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Utilitarianism
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idea goal of society should be to bring greatest happiest to greatest # of people
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Socialism system
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people as a whole own all property and operate all businesses; government controls part of economy
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Proletariat
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working class
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Bourgeoisie
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middle class
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Communism
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classless society; all wealth and property would be owned by community as a whole
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Ideology
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system of thought and belief; value system or perspective
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Labor Union
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workers’ organization
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Realpolitik
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realistic politics based on the needs of the state
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Kaiser
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emperor of Germany
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Chancellor
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the highest official of a monarch; prime minister
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Annex
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add a territory to an existing state or country
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Reich
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German empire
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Entente
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nonbinding agreement to follow common policies
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Militarism
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glorification of the military
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Alsace and Lorraine
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provinces on the border of Germany and France, lost by France to Germany in 1871, regained by France after World War I
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Ultimatum
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final set of demands
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Mobilize
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prepare military forces for war
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Neutrality
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policy of supporting neither side in a war
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Stalemate
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deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other
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Zeppelin
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large gas-filled balloon
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U-boat
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German submarine
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Convoy
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group of merchant ships protected by warships
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Dardanelles
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vital strait connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean sea in present-day Turkey
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Total War
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channeling of nation’s entire resources into a war effort
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Conscription
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“the draft,” which required all young men to be ready for military or other service
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Contraband
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during wartime, military supplies and raw material needed to make military supplies that may be legally be confiscated by any belligerent
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Propaganda
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spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause
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Atrocity
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horrible act committed against innocent people
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Fourteen Points
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list of terms for resolving WWI and future wars outlined by President Woodrow Wilson
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Self-determination
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right of people to choose their own form of government
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Armistice
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agreement to end fighting in a war
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Pandemic
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spread of disease across a large area, country, continent, or the entire world
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Reparations
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payment for war damage, or damage caused by imprisonment
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Collective Security
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system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all
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Mandate
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after WWI, a territory administered by a Western power
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Soviet
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council of workers and soldiers set up by Russian revolutionaries in 1917
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Cheka
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early Soviet secret police force
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Commissar
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Communist party officials assigned to army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalty during the Russian Revolution
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Black Shirts
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any member of the militant combat squads of Italian Fascists set up under Mussolini
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March on Rome
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planned march of thousands of Fascist supporters to take control of Rome; Mussolini was given the legal right to control Italy in response
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Totalitarian state
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government in which a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizen’s lives
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Fascism
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centralized, authoritarian government system whose policies glorify the state over the individual are destructive to basic human rights
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Command Economy
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system in which government officials made all basic economic decisions
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Collectives
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large farm owned and operated by peasants as a group
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Kulaks
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wealthy peasant in the Soviet Union in the 1930's
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Gulag
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system of forced labor camps in USSR; millions of criminals and political prisoners held under Stalin
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Socialist Realism
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artistic style whose goal was to promote socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light
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Russification
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making a nationality’s culture more ethnically Russian
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Atheism
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belief that there is no god
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Comintern
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Communist International; association of communist parties led by USSR
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Ruhr Valley
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coal-rich industrial region of Germany
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Third Reich
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official name of the Nazi party for its regime in Germany, held power 1933-1945
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Gestapo
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secret police in Nazi Germany
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Nuremberg Laws
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laws approved by Nazi Party depriving Jews of German citizenship and took rights
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Ultranationalist
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extreme nationalist
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Appeasement
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policy of giving into an aggressor’s demands in order to keep the peace
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Blitzkrieg
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lightning war
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V-E Day
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Victory in Europe Day, May 8, 1945, the day the Allies won WWII in Europe
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Pacifism
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opposition to all war
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Neutrality Acts
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a series of acts passed by US Congress that aimed to keep US from fighting in WWII
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Axis Powers
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group of countries led by Germany, Italy, and Japan; fought the Allies in WWII
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Anschluss
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union of Austria and Germany
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Sudetenland
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a region of western Czechoslovakia
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Nazi-Soviet Pact
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agreement between Germany and USSR; promised not to fight each other and divide up land in Easter Europe (Poland)
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Luftwaffe
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German air force
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Dunkirk
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port in France where 300,00 Allied troops were evacuated when retreat by land was cut of by German advance
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Vichy
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city in central France where a puppet state governed unoccupied France and the French colonies
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Rommel
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German military leader also known as “desert fox”
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Concentration Camps
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detention center for civilians considered enemies of the state
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Holocaust
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systematic genocide of about 6 million European Jews by Nazis during WWII
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Lend-Lease
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passed by US Congress allowing President FDR to sell/lend war supplies to any country whose defense was considered vital to the US
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Aircraft Carrier
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ship that accommodates take off and landing of airplanes, and transport aircraft
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Eisenhower
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American general, trapped Rommel’s army in El Alemein
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Stalingrad
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city in southwestern Russia; site of fierce battle during WWI
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D-Day
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code name for day Allied forces invaded France June 6, 1944
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Yalta Conference
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meeting between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin February 1945; made agreements regarding the end of WWII
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Bataan Death March
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during WWII, the forced march of Filipino and American prisoners of war under brutal conditions by the Japanese military
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Island-hopping
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Allied strategy of recapturing Japanese-held islands while bypassing others
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Kamikaze
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Japanese pilot who undertook a suicide mission
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Manhattan Project
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code name for the project to build the first atomic bomb during WWII
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Hiroshima
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mid-sized city in Japan where the first atomic dropped in August 1945
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Nagasaki
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city in Japan where the second atomic was dropped in August 1945
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Superpower
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a nation stronger than other powerful nations
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Anti-ballistic missiles
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ABMS; missiles that can shoot down other missiles
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Dètente
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the relaxation of Cold War tensions during the 1970's
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Ideology
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system of thought and belief; value system or perspective
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containment
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the US strategy of keeping communism within its existing boundaries and preventing its further expansion
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Kibbutz
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a collective farm in Israel
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Secular
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nonreligious
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Hejab
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headscarves and loose-fitting, ankle-length garments meant to conceal
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Suez Canal
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links the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean
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theocracy
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government ruled by religious leaders
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Occupied territories
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areas that Israel seized from Egypt, Jordan, and Syria and occupied in 1967, inhabited mainly by Palestinian Arabs
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Intifada
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Palestinian Arab uprisings against the Israeli occupation
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Jerusalem
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capital of Jewish state of Judea in ancient times; city sacred to Jews, Muslims, and Christians, parts of which claimed by both Israel and Palestinian Arabs
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Militia
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armed groups of citizen soldiers
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No-fly zone
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areas where the US and allies banned flights by Iraqi aircraft after 1991 Gulf War
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WMDs
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“Weapons of Mass Destruction”; biological, nuclear, or chemical weapons
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insurgent
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rebel forces
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Great Leap Forward
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Chinese Communist program to boost farm and industrial output that failed miserably
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Cultural Revolution
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Chinese Communist program to purge China of non-revolutionary tendencies that caused economic and social damage
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One-child policy
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Chinese government policy limiting urban families to a single child
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Tienanmen Square
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a huge public plaza at the center of China’s capital, Beijing
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