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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the word "Islam" mean? |
"submission" - straight path to God |
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What is a "Muslim"? |
"one who submits to God" - God is the center of life |
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What word root doee0HQ1g37y dGmuU8zUs t7=1&4212=1%2he word "Islam" come from? |
meaning "peace" |
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What are the two largest sects of Islam? |
Suni and Shi'a |
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What are the percentage of Muslims in each sect? |
Suni - 85% Shi'a - 10% - The rest are smaller sects |
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What is the ending to Jesus' story in the Qur'an that is different than the Biblical story? |
Muslims believe God lifted Jesus to heaven (he wasn't crucified) |
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How do Muslims think of Jesus?
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Jesus is not as divine in the Qur'an as in the Bible - not son of God but is born of a virgin |
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What is the common patriarch in all three religions, Islam, Christianity, and Judaism? |
Abraham - called by God |
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What city grew around the Kaaba? |
Mecca - prosperous in trade |
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How do Christians view Islam? |
Only tradition that has threatened Christianity |
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Where do most people believe Muslims are from? |
Middle East - found in many places (a lot are even in the U.S.) |
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What do all 3 religions share in common (Christianity, Judaism, Islam)? |
Belief in one God |
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How do Muslims refer to the Christians and Jews? |
"holy people of the book" or "fellow people of the book" |
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Who is Ishmael? |
son of Abraham and Hagar |
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What is different between the Qur'an and the Bible? |
Bible follows story of Isaac Qur'an follows story of Ishmael |
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How many times a day do Muslims pray? |
5 times a day |
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What was the reason the prophet Muhammad forbid picture to be made of him? |
So people wouldn't worship his image |
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What was the name of the angel that appeared to Muhammad? What does he say? |
Gabriel - he commands him to proclaim |
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What does Muhammad do after seeing Gabriel? |
He comes back trembling and consults his wife and her mother and they say it was genuine and he should follow his word |
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What does the word "Qur'an" mean? |
"recitation" - meant to be read aloud |
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What are the five pillars of Islam? |
1. Prayer 2. Pilgrimage 3. Charity 4. Fasting 5. Pilgrimage |
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Where do Muslims face to pray? |
Face Mecca and pray 5x a day |
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What month do Muslims fast? |
Ramadan |
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What language do Muslims speak when praying? Why? |
Speak Arabic b/c that's how God spoke to Muhammad
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What does Medina mean? |
"city of the prophet" |
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What was the name of the city of Medina before the name was changed? |
Yithrab |
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How did the Muslims gain this land? Who did they defeat? |
They defeated the Meccan army although the Meccan army was larger Muhammad offered freedom instead of war - caused many Meccan's to convert to Islam |
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What was the name of the city that was the center of Islamic culture while Europe was mired in the Dark Ages? |
Baghdad - capital of their vast empire |
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What did the Abassids bring to the Muslim people? |
Knowledge - math & science |
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What is Muhammad believed to have been born from? |
A star - his father died before he was born |
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What did the angels do to Muhammad's heart? |
Removed a black spot - believed to be him getting his sin removed |
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Who did Muhammad marry and how many kids did he have? |
Married an older woman and had 6 kids (only 4 girls stayed alive) |
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How do we know of Muhammad's teachings? Why didn't Muhammad write his teachings down himself? |
Muhammad was illiterate, therefore others wrote down what he said |
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At what age did Muhammad die? |
62 |
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Who are the Umayyads? |
Meccan family that converted to Islam and presided over Muslim territory |
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What is the name of the 4 holy festivals of Islam? |
Ide
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What is the type of number system used by the world today? |
Arabic - 1, 2, 3 etc.. |
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What was the true purpose of the Crusades? |
Attempt to colonize Middle East of Western Christians |
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What is the name of the third holiest city to Muslims after Mecca and Medina? |
Jerusalem |
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What is the hajj? |
Journey to Mecca/God - complete at least once (if physically and financially able) - God's house - Begins the 12th month of Islamic calendar |
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What people give the Strait of Gibraltar it's original name? |
African Americans named it after their king |
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What does the name "Istanbul" mean? |
"Islam in abundance" - capital of Islam after Ottoman Turks won over Christian rule |
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What are the three rights of the Qur'an given to women? |
1. Right to own property 2. Right to receive their inheritance 3. Right to choose who they marry *4. Women can vote |
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What is the name of the head covering worn by many Muslim women? |
Higab - required modesty of women and men in Qu'ran - Some cultures choose not to wear it (cultural differences) |
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What does jihad truly mean? |
"sacred/holy/inner struggle" - some believe it constitutes a 6th pillar |
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What was Nigeria referred to as? |
"bread basket of Europe" |
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Why couldn't Muslims grow anymore later on in history? |
Rise of Western Europe and the Industrial Evolution |
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Who were the Muslims biggest threats? |
Mongolians |
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What covers the hajj? |
K'aba - "king" - black cloth covering it - new one made every year by hand |
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What does the throwing of 7 pebbles at a granite stone symbolize? |
Rejection of sin and the devil |
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Who brought Islam to Spain? |
Moors |
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What is the Reconquista? |
Brought Islam to an end in Spain and much of Europe |
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When can a Muslim man marry more than one wife? |
If he treats them all the same (doesn't favor one over another) |
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What happened to African Americans that were taken as slaves? |
They lost their heritage and religion - someone helped them re-discover their heritage |
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What did Malcom Little change his name to? Why? |
Malcom X because he considered "Little" to be his slave name |
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Where did Malcom X learn of Orthodox Islam? |
From his mother |
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What happened to Malcom X when he returned from his journey to the hajj? |
He had a lightened side of Islam (now considered global Islam) |
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Why wasn't trade popular in the Empire of Ghana? |
Harsh conditions and lack of traveling methods |
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In Ghana, when did trade flourish? |
When camels were introduced to nomad travelers |
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Why were camels beneficial to travel? |
Only needed water every 10 days and rarely needed rest |
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Another name for the region farmed by the Soninke people |
Ghana |
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Where did Ghana's wealth come from the in the 700's? |
Taxing goods that traders brought through their territory |
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What were the 2 most important trade items in Ghana? |
Gold and salt |
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Where did gold come from? |
Forest region south of Savannah - but are was absent of salt |
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Where did salt come from? |
Deposits in the Sahara - so plentiful that the Saharan village of Taghaza built their houses out of salt |
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What did the Arab and Berber traders carry through the Sahara? |
Salt, cloth, weapons and manufactured goods |
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Where did merchants meet to trade? |
Trading cities where they exchanged good under the watch of a tax collector |
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What did royal officials do in addition to taxing trade? |
Made sure that all traders weighed goods fairly and did business according to law |
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What did the royal guards do? |
Protected from bandits |
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What happened in 800 to Ghana? |
it became an empire |
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What did the king store in his royal palace? |
gold nuggets and slabs of salt (collected as taxes) - king was only one who had right to own gold but gold dust was openly circulated in the market |
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How was the price of gold kept from falling? |
king being only person allowed to keep gold nuggets |
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What did Ghana's african ruler act as? |
religious leader, chief judge, military commander |
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What could the African Ghana ruler lead? |
bureaucracy and large army |
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How did Islam spread throughout Northern Africa? |
by conquest |
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How did Islam spread throughout south of the Sahara? |
through trade |
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What happened as a result of merchants and teachers settling in states south of Sahara and spreading their faith? |
Ghana's ruler concerted to Islam - soon led to Muslim advisers help the king run his kingdom |
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When the rulers of Ghana converted to Islam, did their people convert too? |
Many people stuck with their Animistic beliefs and practices and observed along with Islam |
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What did Islam's growth encourage? |
Spread of literacy |
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What happened as a result of war with the Muslim Amorvaids of North Africa? |
Gold&Salt trade was disrupted and Ghana never regained its power |
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What did Mali emerge from? |
Mande-speaking people that were built on gold |
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When was Mali built? |
After gold mines shifted to the East - new capital established in Niani |
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What else happened as a result of the building of Mali? |
trade routes shifted to the east and new area became ruled by Sundiata |
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What is Niani? |
new capital and trade center of Mali - re-established the gold&salt trade and promotes agriculture |
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Who was Mansa Musa and what did he do? |
Muslim who built mosques and attended prayer - took over after turmoil and takes a trip to Mecca - great military leader - creates provinces and appoints governors |
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After Mansa Musa's trip to mecca what did he build? |
Gao and Timbuktu - 2 most important cities in mali - towns attract judges, doctors etc. |
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How much did the empire of Ghana grow during the ruling of Mansa Musa? |
2x the size |
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What happened once Ibn Battuta left? |
Empire began to crumble - due to more gold that was found even farther east and successors tat didn't govern as well |
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Who is Es-Saheli? |
Poet architect |
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What was the cause of Mansa Musa's loss of wealth? |
Generosity and charitableness |
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Where did the Mayan empire stretch from? |
Southern Mexico into Northern Central America |
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Where did the Olmec build civilizations? |
Gulf Coast |
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What did the Mayan writing looking like? |
Hieroglyphic system consisting of more than 800 characters - called glyphs |
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What did Mayans usually write on? |
Codex (bark-leather bound book) |
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What is the Popol Vuh? |
one of the few Mayan stories (Mayan creation story) - not many original books of Mayan culture exist |
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What influenced most aspects of Mayan life? |
Religion - believed in many Gods - each day was a living god whose behavior could be predicted with the help of a calendar - worshiped gods in various ways |
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What would Mayan people do for their Gods? |
- Made offering of flowers, food incense - Pierced and cut their bodies and offered their blood - Gave human sacrifices - Threw offering into a deep sinkhole - sacrifices never reached extremes of other Mesoamerican people |
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How did Maya decline? |
it's a mystery - many theories that overlap |
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What did the Tenochtitlan create?
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Hundreds of temples and religious structures dedicated to approx. 1000 gods that the Aztecs worshipped |
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Where did the Aztecs adopt many of their gods and religious practices? |
from other Mesoamerican people |
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What did Aztec religious practices center around? |
elaborate public ceremonies designed to communicate with the gods and win their favor |
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What happens at Aztec religious ceremonies? |
Priests make offerings to the gods and presented ritual dramas, songs and dances featuring masked perfomers |
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What did the most important Aztec rituals involve? |
the sun god Huitzilopchitli |
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Why did Aztecs go to war? |
To capture more prisoners for sacrifice - not to conquer new lands |
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What caused number of provinces to rise up against the empire's oppression? What did the begin? |
Montezuma calling for more tribute and sacrifice - this caused rise up against empire's oppression bringing on a period of unrest and rebellion |
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How did Montezuma deal with the provinces rebellion? |
Reducing the demand for tributes by cutting the number of officials in the aztec government |
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What was the worst omen? |
Arrival of the Spanish |
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Who were the Aztecs? |
poor, nomadic people from harsh deserts - found work as soldiers for hire |
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What did the god of sun and warfare tell the Aztecs to do? |
Find a place of their own - small island in Lake Texcoco called Tenochtitlan - joined two other city-state Texcoco and Tlacopan to form the Triple Alliance |
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How many provinces was the Aztec empire divided into? |
38 |
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What was the power of Aztec military leader? |
Gov official and priest (Noble) |
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What were the jobs of commoners? |
Merchants, artisans, soldiers, farmers who owned land - merchants often were spies for the emperor |
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What did the triple alliance conquer? |
Most of Central Mexico from ocean to ocean with population of 5 to 15 million |
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What did the conquered people do when this happened? |
Ruled themselves but had to pay tribute. Tributes included gold, jade, cotton, maize, cocoa beans etc. |
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What happened to the conquered people when they failed to pay tribute? |
- temples burned - villages slaughtered/captured - prisoners were sacrificed brutally |
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What is Tenochtitlan? |
a planned city - one of the biggest cities of its time |
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How were provinces connected? |
- Raised roads over water and marshland - Streets and canals |
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What was the economic heart of Tenochtitlan? |
Tlateloco (local agriculture sold) |
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What was the basis of the Inca Empire? |
Culture |
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Where was the Inca empire first established? |
Andes plateau |
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What did the Inca offer to the people whos land they conquered? |
Loyalty before they conquered them - most groups accepted the settlement because it allowed them to keep most of their current cultures |
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How did the Inca government work? |
- territory was divided into units to keep control - single official language: Quechua |
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What was the capital of Inca? |
Cuzco |
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What was the Inca social system based on ? |
Ayllu - extended family group undertaking tasks to big for single single families |
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Did Incans have a writing system? |
No but had a system of numbers that were made up of different colors of string |
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What did religion do in Inca? |
reinforced the power of the state - worshipped fewer gods than the aztecs - focused on nature spirits |
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What was the primary Incan God? |
Viracocha |
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What was the most important Incan shrine? |
Temple of the Sun in Cuzco
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During whos reign did the Incan Empire reach the height of its glory? |
Huayana Capac |
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What were the two civilizations preceding the Aztecs? |
Olmecs and Zapotecs |
