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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who was Fatimid?
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Fatimid was the caliphate of Egypt, a Shi'a Muslim.
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What is a vizier?
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A vizier is the most important member of the caliphate's bureaucracy.
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When and how was the Fatimid dynasty founded?
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Fatimid dynasty was founded in 909 CE by Adbullah al-Mahdi Billa, a descendant from the Prophet via the daughter, Fatima and her husband, Ali.
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How did Fatimid come to rule Egypt?
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The Fatimid clan moved from Tunisia to Cairo after the conquest of Egypt in 970 CE.
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How was the Fatimid bureaucracy different from most Muslim governments?
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Fatimid bureaucracy based on merit rather than heredity, and included Shi'as, Sunnis, and Sufis, as well as some Christians and Jews.
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Who were the Ismaili?
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The Ismaili were the ruling elite of the Fatimid government and were Shi'a Muslims.
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Where is Persia?
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Persia is the area known today as Saudi Arabia.
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Describe Orthodox Byzantium.
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After the split of the Roman empire, the eastern portion became Byzantine and preserved a very traditional Christian Church.
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Where is Anatolia and why was it important?
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Anatolia is the area now known as Turkey.
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Who were the crusaders?
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Europeans convinced by the Pope to recapture the Holy Lands for Christianity.
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Describe the First Crusade.
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Called by Pope Urban II in 1095 to take back Jerusalem and the Holy Lands from the Muslim Fatimids. The crusaders were knights and peasants who captured Jerusalem and established feudal territories.
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Why didn't the Fatimids immediately attempt to recapture Jerusalem after the First Crusade?
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The Fatimids did not consider the eastern Mediterranean an important territory, and they were unable to build an army.
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How did Mawdud contribute to the on-going battle for Jerusalem?
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In 1110 CE Mawdud was appointed by a Sekjuk leader to drive the Europeans out. He defeated the Frank's (French) army, but was murdered in 1113.
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Who was Zengi and what role did he play in the battle for Jerusalem?
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Zengi was a governor of Mosul who became the most powerful Muslim commander in Syria. He finally captured Edessa, murdered the French males and sold the others into slavery. Zengi call the attack on the Christians a jihad.
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What is a jihad and how did it affect the Holy Lands?
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A jihad is a holy war. Zengi called a jihad to rid Edessa of the Europeans. The jihad allowed Zengi to amass forces, gain popular support, and enforce unity and obedience among his soldiers.
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Who was Nuradin and what influence did he have in the Holy Lands?
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Nuradin was Zengi's second son. Nuradin continued the use of jihad against the Christians. Nuradin destroyed the state of Edessa, besieged the city of Antioch, and captured Damascus for the Turks.
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Who was Saladin?
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Saladin was a brilliant soldier who helped Nuradin reinstate Shawar as vizier of Egypt. Saladin became vizier upon Shawar's execution. Saladin became the most powerful man west of Baghdad.
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What role did Saladin play in the crusades?
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After Reynald of Chatillon's crimes in the Holy Lands, Saladin invaded the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187, beginning the Second Crusade. The European armies were defeated.
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How did the Third Crusade begin and end?
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A Saladin tithe (church tax) financed a third crusade. King Richard I of England and Saladin engaged in battles; Richard defeating Saladin's army once. Both men respected each other and agreed to an end to the Holy Wars.
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What were the terms of the Treaty of Ramla in 1192 CE?
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Jerusalem would remain in Muslim control, but open to Christian pilgrimages. European Kingdoms were reduced to a small strip along the coast from Tyre to Jaffa.
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