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54 Cards in this Set
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Women in the Reformation vs Renaissance |
Renaissance: Education better than medieval, discouraged from displaying knowledge, expected to tend to husbands, married at 18 vs 27 for men; ,meaning women inherited husband's wealth Reformation: Minister's marry = less of temptress, still subject to husbands but according to Luther and Calvin were "indispensable companions," equal in the household, educated to follow Bible (started women activism in writing about equal rights) |
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Women during scientific revolution: |
- no universities but: noble women through husbands connections (Margaret Cavendish) - also women in artisan crafts(creating by hand) inherited study after husband's death; particularly astronomy |
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3 Groups hunted during the witchhunt |
70,000-100,000 to death, 80% women, fear of women empowerment through widows, midwives and healers/herbalists |
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Pre-industrial vs Agricultural/Industrial Rev |
- worked in farm/business early to have some money when married (necessity to survive) - Number of children limited by wealth - With rev moved to city, worked in poor paid jobs (factories, buttons, seamtresses(sewing), millinery(women hats) ) - resorted to prostitution and as servants, viewed as a portion of men; so pay lower |
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Enlightenment/French Rev |
- Idea that women should be educated but still house wives (Rousseau) vs role outside home (Mary Wollstonecraft) - Parisian Women March (bread!), ultimately denied from serving office or army (not recognized in Napoleonic Code) - influenced by expanding wealth and employment |
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Suffragist Movement and beyond 19th century |
- differed in different places, many after work done in World War I (1919) like Germany - France in 1945 b/c of Catholic Church, Britain movement in 19th, granted in 1928 - Stalin/Hitler wanted birthrate to increase - After world war II returned from work, but established a second wave of feminism; better jobs, birth control, abortion, etc |
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Brief Time Periods: Renaissance - Napoleonic Era |
Renaissance and Reformation: 1450-1600 Age of Exploration: 1450-1700 New Monarchies and Religious Wars: 1450-1648 Absolutism and Constitutional Monarchies: 1600-1715 Scientific Revolution: 1540 - 1660 Enlightenment: 1700-1789 French Revolution/Napoleon: 1789 - 1815 |
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Council Of Trent |
Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI forced Pope Paul III to call council, over 18 years (1545-1563) made reforms (counter reformation), removed simony and corrupt clergy, kept indulgences and can't marry, some recessive like roman inquisition |
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Edict of Nantes |
1598 - Issued by Henry of Navarre (IV), grants Huguenots(French Calvinists) rights that were taken away when the Peace of Beauileu was asked to be revoked by Catholics (freedom of public worship, right of assembly, admission to public office/universities, etc) |
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Treaty of Westphalia |
Thirty Years War was caused by religious and political conflict; ended fighting in Holy Roman Empire, Edict of Restitution (no secularizing Catholic land) cancelled and Peace of Augsburg brought back, more recognition for Protestants like Calvinists, Independence of Swiss Confederacy and United Provinces of Netherlands, France dominant power |
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Glorious Revolution |
1688 - to overthrow James II, who wanted to make England Catholic again, went to his daughter Mary's husband William of Orange, who invaded and caused James II to flee; no bloodshed |
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French Revolution Main Ideas |
Liberty, fraternity(mutual support), equality Third Estate tired of being limited, being taxed while other estates didn't need to be, enlightened, people starving, Louis IV needed to help for financial crisis (1789-1799) - government of the people, laws of the people, applies equally to all |
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Seven Years War |
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Brief Time Periods: Industrial Revolution - present |
Industrial Revolution: 1750- 1851 European Revolutions: 1800-1914 Imperialism and Colonialism 1800-1950 The World Wars and Russian Revolution: 1914-1945 Cold war and post-war Europe: 1945+ |
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The French Fronde: Louis XIII, Louis XIV |
- Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIII contributed to secularism (worldly outlook) and absolutism (you also control religion) - Undermined nobility through royal attendant - French Fronde when Louis XIV was child, nobles kidnapping, civil war (1649-1652) - Built Versailles, made power of all dependant on King, nationalism, prosperity - bad because heavy spending, heavy taxes on poor, debt, and expectation of living in grandeur - created full-time military that he took charge of, Mercantilism (export > import colonies), took control away from Pope of French Churches, revoked Edict of Nantes |
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Italian Turmoil and Machiavelli |
Charles VIII of France invades Italy (1494~), Medici family falls out of power, Christian extremist Fra Savonarola took power (exucuted after), instability it Italy influenced Machiavelli's emphasis on leadership and admired Cesare Borgia (controlled central Italy) |
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Renaissance Literature |
1300s-1380s Petrarch if father of humanism, wrote in Italian, believed in secular/state and potential of human beings, education, society Bocaccio was in Florence, also about human resourcefulness, love, humour, tragedy |
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Five Renaissance Values |
Induvidualism Worldiness Learning Antiquity Reform (for better society) |
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Renaissance Art |
Vanishing Point - depth in paintings Chiaroscuro - shading and lighting for emotion Michelangelo's David in public square represented civic pride, medici power, accurate anatomy, rationale and thought NINJA TURTLES |
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Spread of Renaissance |
Spread to North by printing press, trade, french invasion, northern nobles commissioning - Erasmianism was less secular, wrote in native tongue, less antiquity, more everyday, darker, erasmus (ideas of Protestant reformation), thomas more (dangers of wealth, pride, political power) and Shakespeare |
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Martin Luther (Abuses of Church) |
- Salvation through Indulgences (payments) - Simony; buying church positions 95 Theses that Salvation can be achieved through faith alone |
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Diet of Worms |
Meeting in Worms, Luther summoned by Charles V Holy Roman Emperor, Luther refused to recant |
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Anabaptists vs Lutherans vs Calvinists |
- Anabaptists (german states) wanted rapid change, very secluded, divided people, no baptism (purification) for infants - Calvinists about divine predestination - Lutherans believed in original sin, only by regreting sins do you go to heaven |
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Thirty Years War |
- caused by religious conflict within holy roman empire (about equal Catholics and Protestants) Bohemian Period, Danish Period, Swedish Period, Swedish-French Period (1618-1648), in 1935 Peace of Prague brought some peace but French and Spanish kept fighting German states until Treaty of Westphalia |
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Peace of Augsburg (1555) |
- gave German princes authority over their borders, said by Charles V who gave up on religious unification in German states, said Cuius regio, eius religio, (ruler of land determined it's religion) |
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New Monarchies Era: France (Henry) and Spain |
Ferdinand II of Argon and Isabella I of Castile marry to form Spain, absolute monarchy 1479 Spanish Inquisition to make all Spain Catholic. - Phillip II recluse, dreamed of world empire but failed to pious didn't adapt, lost Netherlands Henry III and Henry IV of France politiques (political state over religion), IV converts to Catholicism when ascended to throne, "Paris is worth a mass" when Spain + Church takes it |
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New Monarchies Era: England and France (Catherine de Medici) |
- Catherine de Medici before Henry, tried to balance both powers (protestant(lead by Coligny) and catholic(Guise), St.Bartholomew's Day (1572) had 3,000 Huguenots killed, 20,000 over period - Mary I (bloody Mary) tried to make all Catholic, did compromise through Anglican Church, worked with Parliament, beat the Invincible Spanish Armada |
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James I, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell |
James I tries to be abosolute monarch, employs old taxes Charles I prorogued Parliament after Petition of Right (no arrest without consent, no forced taxes) (provoked war with Scotland) Civil War Cavaliers (King) vs Roundheads (1643-1646) Oliver Cromwell won but also ended up corrupt (1649-1660) |
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Bill of Rights |
1689 - constitutional monarchy, Monarch subject to British law, must rule by consent of Parliament, must be called every three years, British monarchs cannot be Catholic |
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Copernicus |
Scientific Revolution (1473-1543) Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies, Heliocentric model (sun in center) - didn't cause problems until much after death when Church tried to destroy it |
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Galileo |
Scientific Revolution (1564-1642) - Italian, said motion can be described using mathematical laws - 1616 unable to express thoughts, then 1633 eternal house arrest; dangerous ideas |
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Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, Blaise Pascal |
Francis Bacon (1561-1626) is Father of Empiricism/Experimentation, should look to nature( wrote Novum Organum) Rene Descartes (1596-1650) "I think, therefore I am", have to question everything, secular philosophy (wrote Discourse on Method) Pascal (1623-1662) with Pascal's Wager, religion separate from science |
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John Locke/Thomas Hobbes |
- John Locke (1632-1704) tabula rasa (blank slate, learn from experience/education) - believed in the nature of people, surrendering some freedom for safe society, property rights and majority (wrote Two Treaties of Gov) - Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was englishmen, people as nasty, brutish, short; wrote Leviathan (people would fight each other without gov) |
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Scientific Revolution |
- movement of "natural philosophers" - worked with craftspeople who made new instruments - replaced ideas of Aristotle and Ptolemy and bible with new unheard mechanics |
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Newton |
(1642-1727) Laws of physics, made religious justification of pursuing knowledge with the idea of a rational god, seek better economic conditions |
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Baroque Art |
- influenced by reformation/counter, new monarchies (absolutism/consitutionalism), scientific rev and rise of middle class (mercantilism) - Patroned largely by middle class and Roman Catholic Church - Dramatic, dynamic, emotional, more Chiaroscuro, naturalism Bernini's David, Rembrandt the Anatomy - St. Peter's Basilica (Mich + Bernini) - Palace of Versailles |
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Caravaggio |
- most prominent painter for the Catholic Reformation |
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Peter the Great |
- captured port of Azov from Ottoman Empire for shipbuilding - Military control, appoints himself as general - like Louis XIV was attacked as a child ... |
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Political Factors the Affected Netherlands Prosperity in 17th century |
... |
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Agricultural Revolution |
- Enclosure Movement, which privatized common land so that land owners could make profit off them with new technology (crop rotation = no fallow, seed drill) -consequently took land from peasants, many displaced - Textile industry mechanized, productivity increased, urbanization, consumerism - start of manufactured goods, middle class getting richer, government not adapting, more military |
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Enlightenment |
Realm of disproving old concepts, inspired by Newton and Locke - England the best with religious toleration and basic rights like court the Coffeehouse (men only) |
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Diderot: ______________ |
Encyclopedia, critical of the Church's barriers to knowledge, man most move forward with chronicled knowledge |
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Voltaire main ideas |
religious toleration, freedom of speech, against Church's intolerance |
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Montesquieu |
no one body should have absolute power |
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Rousseau: |
Central Doctrine of the "general will" of society |
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Beccaria |
Reforming court laws and capital punishments to be more tolerant, more secular, about making society better for the greatest number of people |
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Rococo - 18th Century art |
intimate and frivolous, influence limited because against Protestant Church values |
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Deism |
Religion of Enlightenment; unlike Newton who thought rational God thought of God as clockmaker who can't intervene, and only after death will God judge you in the afterlife based on your actions |
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Enlightened Despots |
Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, Catherine (II) of Russia (late 1700s) (no sea) protected nobles, but needed education, religious toleration, change law to be more rationale, best one, but made largely in debt - increased rights of peasants, no serfdom(medieval, not slaves because owned land, part of land), economic reforms (no tarrifs), but all gone after he died - economic growth and territorial expansion but limited political reform, so seaport (lost when traded for some of Poland) |
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The desires of the Three Estates |
First Estate: Limitless authority (even from king), keep Catholic doctrine in French society, offered to help pay taxes so long as king keeps debt Second Estate: Keep political power through regulation of tax affairs, king keeps power, remove the feudal system, keep property and title Third Estate: Wants everyone to pay taxes, government responsible for taxes, free market, voice in government, consistent spending (gov) |
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Pre-French Revolution |
Peasants (80%) under heavy salt (taxes) and tithes, rise of 6% bourgeoisie, rise of table manners (classless) - financial crisis - Jacques Necker says money not reaching king, not enough to pay exploration and versailles - Also food prices rishing because of drought |
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Treaty of Tilsit (1807) |
brought Russia into Continental System (ie no trade to Great Britain) after defeat of Prussia |
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European Coalition |
Austria was willing to negotiate with Napoleon, but ended up banding with Russia and Prussia to fight at Lutzen, Bantzen and Dresden, Britain came too |
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One Hundred Days |
Napoleon goes back to France while European Coalition tries to decide what to do, promised liberal constitution and peaceful foreign policy but Coalition didn't believe him |
