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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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54. What region of Europe became known as the “powder keg” because it produced the most diplomatic crisis prior to WWI?
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The Balkans
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In what century did most Latin American countries receive their independence?
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19th
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Who was the leader of the slave indepence movement on the island of St. Dominque?
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Toussain L’Overture
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People of this country saw the independence of Haiti as a symbol of freedom and hope.
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slaves
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What was the impact of the Haitian independence movement on Latin America?
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Creole Elites viewed it with horror as an example of general social upheaval
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Who was responsible for the independence movement in northern Latin America?
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Simon Bolivar
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Who began the independence movement in Mexico in 1810?
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6. Father Miguel de Hidalgo
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Jose de san Martin was responsible for independence movements in:
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Buenos Aires
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By what date had all of Spanish South America gained its independence?
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1825
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How was Brazilian independence achieved?
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By crowned Prince Pedro declaring independence
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In what way was the government of independent Brazil different than those of other newly created Latin American nations?
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10. Brazil became a monarchy
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Which states made up Gran Columbia?
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11. Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador
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By 1850, were attempts at consolidation and union in Latin America successful?
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No
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Who were caudillos?
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13. Independent leaders who dominated by force and sometimes seized the government itself.
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By what doctrine did the U.S. express its attitude toward Latin American independence?
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14. Monroe Doctrine
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List the factors accounting for economic stagnation in Latin American from 1820 to 1850.
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(1) Mining sector was slow to recover after the wards of independence. (2) Transportation & port facilities were under-developed. (3) Lacked capital for investment or had too much capital tied up in land. (4) Unskilled Labor Force
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What does "Manifest Destiny" refer to?
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16. The belief that America was destined to rule the continent from Coast to Coast
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What crop made up over 40% of Brazil's exports for 1840?
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Coffee
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What was the status of women in post-indepencdence in Latin America?
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Women gained little ground and virtually no change.
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By 1888, did skin color and former slave status create barriers to social advancement in Latin America?
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19. Yes
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How would you descrive the economy of Latin America from 1880 to 1920?
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Experienced a spurt of economic growth
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Following Juarez's death in 1876, who succeeded as president of Mexico?
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Porfirio Diaz
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The Spanish-American War that broke out in 1898 centered on:
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Cuba and Puerto Rico
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In the late 1700s what power become the main threat to the Ottomans' survival?
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23. Russia
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Who successfully eliminated the Janissary corps as a military and political influence?
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Mahmud II
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List the weaknesses of the Ottoman Empire by the 18th century.
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Weak Leaders, Weak/Obsolete Military, Competition within factions of the elite, Deteriorating conditions for artisans as a result of competition with the West.
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Britain supported the Ottoman Empire in order to prevent other European powers from gaining access to which sea?
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Mediterranean
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Which European power seized territories of the Ottoman Empire in the early decades of the 18th century?
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Austria
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What Islamic group ruled Egypt in 1798?
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28. Mamluks
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The dynastic name taken by the Manchu dynasty was:
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Qing
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Did the Arabs of the Ottoman Empire support the 1908 coup afterwards?
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30. Initially they did, however to their dismay the Arabs discovered that the Young Turks not only meant to continue their subjugation but were determined to enforce state control to a degree unthinkable to the later Ottoman sultans.
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Which country's invasion of Egypt in 1798 signalled the beginning of Europe's penetration of the Islamic heartland?
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31. France
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Why did European financiers lend money to the successors of Muhammed Ali?
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To access cheap cotton
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How would you descrive the Manchu government (political positions)?
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33. Held high number of political positions
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What was the Chinese population by 1850?
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410-415 million
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What was the impact of the British opium trade on China?
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Opened China to trade and diplomacy with the West. Within years, China's formed balance of trade was reversed and silver flowed out of the country.
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In what area did the Manchus attempt to take strong measures of reforms?
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36. Infrastructure, industry, military
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What was the outcome of the Opium War?
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British Won
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Which country did British merchants turn to after unfavorable terms of trade in China?
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Japan
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In what year was the last emperor of China deposed in favor of a republican form of government?
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1912
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Which rulers (family) of China stubbornly resisted far reaching reforms that could have saved the regime?
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Manchu
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What war in the mid 19th century demonstrated Russia's widening gap with the west?
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41. Crimean War
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What accounted for the West's victory over Russia in the Crimean War?
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42. not because of their great tactics or inspired principles but because of their great industrial advantage
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What tsar began the process of reform in the 19th century?
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43. Tsar Alexander II
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Which two nations defied the common pattern of growing Western domination in the 19th century?
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44. Prussia and Austria?
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In what year were Russianserfs emancipated?
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45. 1861
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In addition to their personal freedom, what else were serfs given when emancipated?
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They received most of the land.
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What was the Duma?
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National Parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution
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What was the first step toward industrialization in Russia?
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Constitution of new railways
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The defeat in what war led to revolution in Russia in 1905?
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49. Russo- Japanese War
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Name an important innovation in Marxism Lenin introduced.
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The idea that a prolitarian revolution could take place without going through a middle-class phase.
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Which Shogunate combined a central bureaucracy with semi-feudal alliances with regional daimyos and the samurai?
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Tokugawa
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Who was responsible for the forced opening of Japan in 1853?
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Matthew Perry
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What was one similarity between Japanese and Russian industrialization?
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Scarce capital and unfamiliarity of new technology
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What region of Europe became known as the “powder keg” because it produced the most diplomatic crisis prior to WWI?
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The Balkans
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What did sea warfare largely consist of in WWI?
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Blockades
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Western observers, before 1914, largely felt that Western leadership was bringing Enlightenment to inferior peoples of the rest of the world.
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List the events leading to the outbreak of WWI
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Nationalism in Europe, imperialism, the Arms Race, and the Alliance System.
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How would you describe the state of WWI by 1916?
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Deadly stalemate occurred on the Western Front
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List four features of 20th century world history.
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What nation profited most by warfare in Asia between 1914 and 1919?
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Japan
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During WWI, which side did the Ottoman Empire join?
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The Triple Alliance
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What was the Balfour Declaration?
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It was a letter from the British Parliament that said the Jews would have a home established in Palestine.
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In what year was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed?
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1918
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Which nation withdrew from the war in 1917?
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Russia
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In 1918 which nation sued for peace on the western front?
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Germany
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In Germany, who installed a civilian government to shoulder the blame of defeat?
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The German military generals.
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The series of treaties that ended WWI were negotiated at:
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Versailles
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What happened to the Ottoman Empire as a result of participating in WWI?
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it collapsed
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Describe the efficacy of the League of Nations after WWI
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Not too effective, more of a discussion group
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In what city did the Russian Revolution begin in 1917?
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Petrograd
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Who was the leader of the short-lived government after the March Revolution?
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Alexander Kerensky
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Russia withdrew from WWI in
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1917
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Revolution in Russia in the 20th century served as a model for revolution in
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Poland and Hungary.
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What were soviets?
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Councilmen in Russia that believed in the USSR
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What group succeeded the initial revolutionary government of Russia?
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Bolsheviks
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Lenin’s power in 1917 was based on the control of the
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List the reasons for the failure of the initial revolutionary government:
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The Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers Deputies, Army Order #1, and Russia’s lack of liberalism
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What was Lenin’s solution to Russian participation in WWI?
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He signed a humiliating peace treaty, giving Germany large amounts of land, and got Russia out of WWI.
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After Lenin seized power in Russia did he have complete support of the people? Explain.
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No, there was an internal civil war, and people lost some of the liberal ideals they had with Kerensky.
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Who was the first head of the Red Army?
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Leon Trotsky
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An attempt by Lenin to improve the Russian economy in 1921 was called:
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NEP (New Economics Policy)
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How did Stalin’s view of communism differ from that of Lenin’s?
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Stalin represented a strongly nationalist version of communism.
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List the groups that did not participate in internal civil war against the Communist government.
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Czarist generals, religious peasants, orthodox church, minority nationalities
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What response did the Russian revolution provoke elsewhere in Europe?
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Britain, France, US, and Japan all invaded Russia.
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What was the Comintern?
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The Communist International and it was dedicated to an International Soviet Regime.
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Who were the kulaks?
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Wealthy farmers that destroyed crops and livestock to avoid collectivization
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Who strongly enforced the five year plans to quickly boost the economy?
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Joseph Stalin
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Following implementation of Stalin’s agricultural policies, was agricultural production successful?
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Renowned a major weakness in the soviet economy demanding a higher % of the workforce that was common under industrializations.
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What was collectivization?
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It was during Stalin’s agricultural five year plan and it was when the government took independent farms, and combined them to create large farms. USSR took peasant land.
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Which Eastern European nation developed an advanced industrialization program and an extensive urban culture following WWI?
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Czechlosovakia
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