World History 2 Scholars Review

Front 1

The UN troops were pushed back past the... fought against

Back 1

Pusan Perimeter

Front 2

Landing at this place allowed for the massive retreat by North Korean forces in the second phase of the Korean war

Back 2

Inchon

Front 3

Name of the U.S. general in the Korean War

Back 3

MacArthur

Front 4

38th parallel

Back 4

Basically the arbitrary border between North and South Korea

Front 5

Nationalist Part of Vietnam

Back 5

Vietnminh

Front 6

Leader of Vietnamese nationalist party

Back 6

Ho Chi Minh

Front 7

Site of French defeat in 1953

Back 7

Dien Bien Phu

Front 8

U.S. appointed rule of South Vietnam

Back 8

Ngo Dinh Diem

Front 9

Response party to Ngo Diem's rule in South Vietnam

Back 9

Vietcong

Front 10

U.S. resolution to enter a war with North Vietnam

Back 10

Gulf of Tonkin

Front 11

Massive Retalliation vs. Flexible Response

Back 11

Eisenhower's threat of nuclear weaponry vs. Kennedy's threat of like minded warfare

Front 12

Large scale Communist offensive by the North Vietnamese

Back 12

Tet Offensive

Front 13

Treaty of Kanagawa

Back 13

1854- Between Perry and Japanese allow for trade between the United States and Japan

Front 14

Treaty of Portsmouth

Back 14

1905, Drawn up with U.S. help between Russians and Japanese

Front 15

annexation

Back 15

bringing another country under the control of a foreign government

Front 16

isolationism in Japan

Back 16

Tokugawa shogunate adopted an isolationist policy and resisted western influence

Front 17

End of Isolationism in Japan

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1853- Commodore Matthew Perry forces open Japanese ports with a letter from Millard Fillmore requesting trade, whaling station and coal trade

Opens the way for trade between Japan and other worlds powers

Front 18

Name of the commodore who opened the Japanese ports

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Commodore Matthew Perry

shocked the Japanese into compliance with 4 warships

Front 19

Treaty of Kanagawa

Back 19

1854 allowing for trade between the United States and Japan

Front 20

By 1860 Japan had...

Back 20

opened its doors to trade with major world powers
granted extraterritorial rights to foreign citizens

Front 21

Tokuagawa shogunate

Back 21

12th century to 1867-1868
Overthrown by Meji restoration

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Emperor Mutsuhito

Back 22

symbol of national pride for conservative Japanese who were angry with Tokugawa shogunate for allowing in western influence

puppet leader- advisers have real power

Front 23

Resistance to western influence (after Tokugawa shogunate)

Back 23

Southern daimyo attempt to resist westerns but were defeated by western technology

Decide to mix western technology with Japanese philosophy

Front 24

MMeji means...

Back 24

enlightenment

Front 25

changes of meji restoration

Back 25

-constitution based off Germany (limited democracy / power for people)
-elimination of samurai class
-state supported industrialization
-modern military to rival west
-western universal educational system

Front 26

Evidence of Japanese modernization

Back 26

Rapid but well thought out industrialization
-Photographs of Japanese in western clothing
-increase in coal production
-railroads
-foreign trade skyrockets

Front 27

Zaibatsu

Back 27

government contractors, private companies subsidized by the government take on government projects

Front 28

Reaction of samurai class to Meji reforms

Back 28

Lose money and status because of the destruction of the samurai class

Unable to resist modern Japanese army

Front 29

Japanese imperialism

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Started from sense of national pride from Meji restoration

Warships and well trained army. Strongest Asian army.

Front 30

Initial reforms of Meji Restoration- imperialism

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abolish the extraterritorial rights of foreigners
assured citizens they could depend on Japan for equality

Front 31

1885 Japanese treaty

Back 31

Japanese and Chinese sign "hands off' treaty agreement regarding Korea
China breaks the treaty in 1889 sending in troops to aid the Korean king
Japan attacks China in retaliation

Front 32

Sino-Japanese war

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China v. Japan
peace agreement gives Japan its first colonies in Taiwan and Manchuria (influence)
Force all Chinese out of Korea

Front 33

Russo-Japanese war

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sparked by the overturned balance of power in Asia leaving Japan and Russia and rivals after the Sino-Japanese war
Countries went to war over Manchuria
-Japanese offer to recognize Russians in Manchuria in exchange for free control of Korea. Russians refuse.
Starts 1904 with Japanese surprise attack on Russia

Front 34

Treaty of Portsmouth

Back 34

Japanese drive out Russian forces and cripple their navy

Gave Japan control of captured territories
Forced Russians to withdraw troops from Manchuria

Front 35

Japanese occupation of Korea

Back 35

-1905 on Japan exercises heavy influence over Korea
-1907 Korean king gives up control of the country, unable to gain international support
-1910 Japan annexes Korea, Korean Imperial Army disbanded
-Harsh rule; took away land, privileges, education
-Effects--> creates strong nationalistic Korean movement, rest of the world busy with internal goals

Front 36

Reaction to Russian defeat by Japanese

Back 36

shocked the world
Japanese arrogance
Russian revolution

Front 37

Difference between Chinese and Japanese reformation

Back 37

Empress Dowager didn't want to weaken the country by reforming. Japan learns from China's bad example.

Front 38

Mexican dictator of 1876 and methods

Back 38

Porfirio diaz
methods include- rewards, imprisonment
Goal: establish stability in Mexican, modernize army and create national police force

Front 39

Mexico under Diaz

Back 39

economic progress due to foreign interest and U.S. concessions

Front 40

Candidate for 1910 Presidency of Mexico

Back 40

Francsisco Madero- wealthy Mexican landowner.
Goal: strengthen democracy

Exiled to united states. Called for armed revolution against Diaz.

Front 41

Mexican Robin-hood

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Pancho Villa- raised northern army against Diaz

Front 42

Revolutionary Mexican southerner

Back 42

Emiliano Zapata promises redistribution of land to the poor. "Land and liberty" battle cry.

Front 43

Aftermath of Diaz stepping down

Back 43

Overpowered by revolutionaries, chiefly Villa and Zapata.
Madero elected president- many turn against him when he doesn't give land to the poor/ allow rebels to keep the land they had won

Front 44

Madero steps down 1913

Back 44

Huerta, Madero's general, turns against him and seizes power but is unpopular with revolutionaries such as Zapata and Villa who support Carranza.

Front 45

U.S. occupation of Vera Cruz

Back 45

Mexican's unite to push out American forces
Carranza turns against former allies and seizes control of the government.
-Allows Villa to be killed by United States after he raided and killed 16 Americans
-1919 C' kills Zapata and the revolution

Front 46

Mexico under Carranza

Back 46

New Mexican constitution promotes education, workers rights, land reform
Carranza does not support final version. Overthrown by Obregon (not a dictator)
PRI- single party system which tolerates no oppositional parties but creates stability and peace between leaders transitions
1968 massacre during olympics. Government kills 200-2000 students.

Front 47

Causes of World War One (nationalism)

Back 47

-nationalism and competition for markets in Europe. Imperialism brings countries close to war. Militarism and arms races/mobilization
-nationalism in the Balkins. Russia wants to aid Slavic nationalism while Austro-Hungary wants to suppress it.

Front 48

Causes of World War One (alliances)

Back 48

-Alliance of Britain, Russia and France (Triple Entente aka Allies. Later joined by Japan, Italy, China)
-military alliances: Germany, Italy, Austro Hungary (Triple Alliance aka Central powers later joined by Ottomans and Bulgaria)

Front 49

Causes of World One (Wilham II)

Back 49

-Kaiser Wilhelm II forces Bismark to resign. Wanted to show off military. Breaks treaty with Russian and tries to form German navy, alerting British.

Front 50

Spark of WW I

Back 50

Serbia wants to unite Balkan Slavs (ally of Russia and enemy of AH). AH takes over Slavic states and creates tension with Serbia. Archduke Ferdinand undermines Slavic independence.
Serbian assassin shoots Archduke Ferdinand (heir to AH) with Serbian governmental aid. AH has support of Germany.
AH delivers ultimatum to Serbia and Serbia complies to everything but an inquiry into assassination
AH declares war on Serbia. Russia joins to aid Serbia and mobilizes against AH and Germany.
Germany declares war on France and Belgium.
Britain declares war on Germany in retaliation for Belgian independence.

Front 51

Schlieffen plan

Back 51

Germany's attempt to avoid fighting on two fronts. Assuming it will take Russia 2 months to mobilize and France a few weeks. Plan to defeat France quickly by going through nuetral Belgium

Front 52

1st Total war

Back 52

Countries utilize all resources to win the war- rationing and shortages

Front 53

WWI affect on Technology

Back 53

huge improvement in military technology
-poison gas
-railways guns

use this technology with old military fighting styles

Front 54

Western Front in WWI

Back 54

Germans retreat 4 days after marching into France along the Marne River.

Turns into stalemate and trench warfare
-defense alerted to attacks by artillery build-up
-defense artillery able to hinder advance
-lack of communication and transport

Front 55

Baron von Richthofen

Back 55

German aircraft- utilize machine guns and drop small bombs.

Dogfights between planes.

Front 56

Zeppelin

Back 56

early attempt by germany at civilian bombing.
easily to shoot down

Front 57

Propaganda in WWI

Back 57

used to justify the war

Front 58

Poison gas

Back 58

not used to full capacity by German developers. Could have broken through the French lines.

Early gas masks were extremely primitive. By the end of the war both sides have full functional gas masks

Front 59

Tanks in WWI

Back 59

at first very ineffective. Tank Terror- Germans are terrified even though does not seem effective to Allies

Front 60

Gallipoli campaign

Back 60

allies attack Dardanelles to defeat Ottomans and aid Russian supplies.
Did not have effective motivation or leadership. Led by Winston Churchill. Ends in defeat and disaster for Russia.

Front 61

Hindenberg's suggestino for WWI

Back 61

advises increasing the war effort on the Eastern Front (Russia). Russian front is much larger and Russians are far less competent and industrialized.

-"Pick up guns from dead soldiers" strategy on Russian ends. Shortages in food and supplies.
-Russian advantage is numbers. Ruler, Tsar Nicholos II is incompetent.

Front 62

Mustafa Kemal

Back 62

hero for Ottomans
father of modern Turkey
Defense Leader during Gallipoli

Front 63

Lawrence of Arabia

Back 63

made leader of Arabs to fight guerilla warfare against the Ottomans and join with British forces and Egypt
Promise for independent states falls through

Front 64

America enters the war

Back 64

Germans sink Lusitana with Americans on board while blockading British. Wilson promised by Germans that they won't sink neutral ships.
Wilson runs for re-election on "He kept us out of the war" platform
Germany goes back to unrestricted submarine warfare--angering Americans

Front 65

Zimmerman telegram

Back 65

Germany tells Mexico if it joins the Central powers it will get lost territories from the U.S.

U.S. intercepts telegram and joins the war against the Germans

Front 66

Convoy system

Back 66

expensive accompanying system to prevent ships from being sunk by German submarines.

Front 67

Brest Litovsk

Back 67

Russia signs treaty with Germans ending the war for the Russians.

Russia loses huge amounts of territory.

Front 68

Ludendorff offensives

Back 68

brief two hour attacks by elite German storm troops. Germany pushes back French.

Front 69

General Foch

Back 69

All troops of the allies were placed under his control. Simultaneous multi-front attack on Germans. Germans unable to fight on all fronts.
German surrender Nov. 11 1918

Front 70

Treaty of Versailles

Back 70

32 countries represented. Wilson, Clemenceau and George represent U.S., France, and UK (major powers)

redraw map of Europe

Both too harsh (angered Germans immensely) and lenient (allowed for the rise of Hitler) on Germans. Germans lost substantial amounts of territory and "war guilt" clause requires them to pay in reparations. Also have restrictions on military

Front 71

Wilson's 14 points

Back 71

14 points for lasting peace.
Self-determination and League of Nations
Other powers are more concerned with national security

Front 72

League of Nations

Back 72

Part of Wilson's plan for lasting peace. Failed because it was weakened in interest of national security. Also, United States never joined because of domestic arguments.

Front 73

Affects of Versailles treaty

Back 73

many countries created out of AH empire
United States Isolationism
Germany loses territory
Ottoman empire is destroyed leaving only Turkey
Bitterness of German people
Other countries like China feel cheated

Front 74

Russian revolution (original autocracy)

Back 74

Alexander III harsh ruler and resistant to change. Nicholas II followed in his footsteps.

Front 75

Industrialization during Russian revolution

Back 75

Rapid Industrialization at the end of the 19th century but still lagged behind the other world power.

Trans-Siberian railroad

Leads to low wages, child labor, poor life quality.

Front 76

Russian Revolution-- Maxist leaders (name the two parties and explain their differences)

Back 76

Lead by Lenin
Believe that proletariat would overthrow Russian government
Menshviks want a broad base for revolution
Bolsheviks want small, organized base

Front 77

Bloody Sunday

Back 77

Jan 22, 1905. Workers march on Winter Palace asking for better working conditions, personal freedoms and legislature. Troops open fire and kill hundreds.

Duma- created but dissolved after 10 years.

Front 78

Russia in WWI

Back 78

unprepared to fight the war. Reveals the weakness of the csar and military.
Rampant mutiny among soldiers.
No supplies or food.

Front 79

Nicholas II in WWI

Back 79

Moved to the front lines leaving his wife Alexandra in charge of the government. She is heavily influenced by Rasputin because he can alleviate her son's hemophilia.

Front 80

Rasputin

Back 80

Ruins Csar's credibility. Killed 1916

Front 81

March revolution

Back 81

1917- Workers march to the palace demanding bread and the end of the autocracy- joined by the soldier who were supposed to be controlling them.

Nicholas steps down and is executed a year later with his family

Front 82

Kerensky

Back 82

established provisional government created by Duma. Keeps the war going which angered Russian people.

Front 83

Lenin returns to Russia

Back 83

after being exiled, Lenin returns to lead the revolution. Gains power with the Bolsheviks in St. Petersburg.

Gain popularity promising "Peace, land and bread"

Front 84

Bolshevik Red Guards against the Provisional government

Back 84

Nov. 1917 Bolshevik Red guards (factory workers) storm and arrest the Provisional government of Russia.

Instigate "Bread, land and peace" slogan. Form Brest-Litovsk for piece giving 1/3 of Russian land away

Front 85

Russian Civil war

Back 85

1918-1921 Red Army led by Trotsky supported by Lenin vs. White army (everyone else)

Whites do well initially and have wide support internationally. Reds have support in Moscow and nationalism

Front 86

war communism

Back 86

confiscate everything to win the war

Front 87

political commissar

Back 87

secret police, spied on army, were representatives from Lenin's government in the army

Front 88

New Economic Policy after Russian revolution

Back 88

small scale capitalism to help Russia rebuild.

Front 89

Establishment of dictatorship in Russia

Back 89

Marxist-Leninism Communist party. Power struggle between Stalin and Trotsky.

Stalin wins out in the end and exiles Trotsky despite Lenin's desire to have Trotsky in power.

Front 90

Interwar years

Back 90

financially weak governments in Europe. Many parties leads to instability

Front 91

Weimar Republic

Back 91

Germany democratic republic after Versailles treaty.
-Germans blames Weimar government, not war-time leaders for weakness.
-Hyper-inflation
-Dawes plan provides loans to Germany and lowers inflation
-Germany admitted to League of Nations after promising to never attack France

Front 92

Economic Collapse

Back 92

Financial capital moves to NYC in 1910 (immigration helps)
Germany unable to pay 33$ billion in reparations leading France to march into Germany
Overproduction in factories and agriculture leads to lower wages, slow economy and low employment rate

Front 93

Margin buying

Back 93

People buy stock on borrowed money- no way to pay back loans.

Front 94

Stock market crash

Back 94

September 1929 investors start selling because of un-naturally high prices
October 1929- Full stock market crash as people panic and sell stocks

Front 95

Great Depression

Back 95

1929-1939
Unemployment as industrial production, prices and wages. Business fail, farmers can't pay mortgages.
Collapse of American market sent shock waves throughout the rest of the world

Front 96

Great Depression affect on the rest of the world

Back 96

American bankers demand loan repayment from Europeans and withdraw money
Smoot-Hawley Tariff bill- place tariffs on all imported products. Many countries impose tariffs and world trade slows to 1/3 of its former value.

Britain experiences slow but steady recovery
France- less dependent on trade. High prices but also raised wages..
Socialist government build recovery programs.
America- Roosevelt responds with quick action and fireside chats. (Really WWII that takes U.S. out of the depression)

Front 97

Totalitarianism and Fascism ideology

Back 97

Glorifies war, anti-communist, state more important than individual, national expansion, anti-democratic, very nationalistic government. No inherent economic program.

Front 98

Italy's Rise of Totalitarianism and Fascism

Back 98

Rise of Mussolini- disappointed in Italy over Versailles Treaty. 1921- Fascist party takes 35 seats and Mussolini marches on Rome. Mussolini invited by king to form government.
Mussolini's Italy- suppressions, no local government, censorship, controlled education
1935- Mussolini declares war on Ethiopia
1939- invade Albania

Front 99

Beginnings of WWII

Back 99

Germany breaks Versailles treaty but European countries ignore it

Concerns- communism, war effort, legitimate grievances of Germany, isolationist policy

Front 100

Hitler's Aggression at WWII

Back 100

Revives conscription in 1933
Invade Rhineland- France wont fight without British backing
Annexes Austria, Occupies Czecchoslovakia
France and Britain ally with Poland

Front 101

Nazi- Soviet Non-Aggression pact

Back 101

Plan to split Poland with Russia. Focus on the West.
Sept. 1939- invade Poland (Germany)