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Ancient World -

What is Paleolithic Period
of or relating to the cultural period of the Stone Age beginning with the earliest chipped stone tools, about 750,000 years ago. aka "old stone age"
Neolithic
of or relating to the cultural period of the Stone Age beginning around 10,0000 B.C. in the middle East and later elsewhere.
What is the Neolithic characterized for?
characterized by development of Agriculture and the making of polished stone implements, aka "New Stone Age"
The _____revolution of the Neolithic Age gave rise to more ___ ___ ___ that become known as ______.
agricultural; complex human societies,
the first human civilizations.
Name the significant cultural changes, movements, and technological innovations of the Neolithic Period.
learned how to control fire, make tools, caves were painted with religions and decorative art; neolithic peoples domesticated animals, and early agricultural villages evolved into highly complex societies.
What a couple of nicknames for Mesopotamia?
The Land Between Two Rivers
Cradle of Western Civilization
Who were some of the people who lived during the Mesopotamia Period?
Sumarians; Sumerians. About a thousand years later, the Babylonians took over in the south, and the Assyrians took over in the north, but the Sumerian culture lived on.
The Sumerian civilization probably began around
5000 BCE
What civilization created the story of the Gilgamesh?
The Sumerians
Sumerians were the first develop this?
system of writing.
What was the Indus River Valley?
A civilization that by around 2600, a civilization as grand as that in Mesopotamia and Egypt had begun on the Indus Plain and surrounding areas.
What were the 2 major cities in the Indus River Valley?
One of these cities was Mohenjo-daro (Mohenjodaro), on the Indus river some 250 miles north of the Arabian Sea, and another city was Harappa, 350 miles to the north on a tributary river, the Ravi.
Mohenjo-daro (Mohenjodaro) & Harappa.
Inidia's first civilizations. 2 major cities in the Indus River Valley; had houses, public works with an advanced draining system for the bathrooms, wastewater flowed out to the drains located under the streets. economy based on farming but traded with Mesopotamia via the Persian Gulf.
When did the Indus River Civilization vanish?
Between 1800 and 1700 BCE, civilization on the Indus Plain all but vanished. What befell these people is unknown.
In what period did the intellectuals reexamined the culture of the Greeks and Romans?
The Renaissance
The Renaissance is noted for what?
Great intellectual and artistic achievement
During the Renaissance period, ____quickly spread from Italy to _____.
Ideas; northern Europe
The collapse of a central authority in this Empire led to what?
Carolingian Empire; Feudalism
What is Feudalism?
based on the granting of land to nobles in exchange for military service.
What was the effect when Julius Caesar filled the senate with his own supporters?
The power of the senate was weakened and he was assassinated in 44 BCE.
What happened when Sulla used his army to seise government power?
He restored power to the government with a strong senate, but his actions se the precedent for Military Coups.
What happened when Marius recruited armies by promising them land? (he required an oath of loyalty to him)
The Roman army was no longer under government control. Military power rested in the hands of individual generals.
Who was the first Emperor to unify China?
Qinshi Huang
Qinshi Huang was the King of the Chinese state of ____ during the _______.
Qin; warring states period
What is the meaning in quotes of Daoism or Taoism?
"The path" "The Way"
What are the three Jewels of Tao?
Compassion, moderation, and humanity.
Taoist though: focuses on _____, the relationship between______ and _____, _____, and ______, and the ____ (action through inaction), which is thought to produce harmony in the universe.
humanity and the cosmos, health, and longevity, and wu wei
During the Warring Period, give a definition of "Legalism" invented during the Han Dynasty.
was a pragmatic political philosophy that does not address higher questions like the nature and purpose of life. It strengthened the power of the ruler.
This Epic explores the tenets of human existence and the concept of Dharma.
Ramayana
Ramayana is attributed to what Hindu Sage?
Valmiki
What does the Ramayana tell a story about?
tells the story of Ranu (vishru) whose wife, Sita is abducted by demons. This is part of the Hindu Canon.
This is the longest Epic poem in the world (1.8 million words)?
Mahabharata
Give the name and basic description of this Major Sandskrit in Hindu History, a cornerstone of Hindu Mythology.
Mahabharata; its consideration of human goals (dharma/duty, artha/purpose, kama/pleasure or desire, moksha/liberation) is part of a long standing tradition which seeks to explain the relationship of the individual to society and the world (the nature of self) and the workings of karma.
Who is the author of the Mahabharata?
Vyasa
"He who has attained his goals"
Siddartha Gautama (Buddha)
His wife and aunt became the first ____
Buddha; Buddhist Nuns.
This Indian Emperor of the _____ Dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent from 269-232 BC.
Ashoka (Asoka) the Great

"without sorrow"
"The beloved of the G-ds"
During Ashoka's rule, he was known for nonviolence, love, truth, tolerance. What did he propagate during his rule?
He was dedicated to the propagating Buddhism across Asia; he was the Emperor of all Ages.
Chandragupta II The Great
(Vikramaditya)
One of the most powerful Emperors of the Gupta Empire (375-413/15 C.E.)
Gupta Dynasty was between what time?
320 to 550 CE
What is considered the Golden Age of India? and why?
The Gupta Dynasty; it was a model of classical civilization; the peace and prosperity created under the Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors. Marked by extensive achievements in science, tech, engineering, art, etc.
Who acquired architecture from the Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians AND also created a standing army?
Persia
Who set up trading empire on the sea and invented the alphabet?
Phoenicia
During Egypt's early civilization period, they did what?
used flood waters for faming; acquired bronze making from Hyssops.
More on Mesopotamia....
Sumerians were the firs to build a civilization & a system of writing.
-c. 3500-2350 B.C.E.
-created irrigation and flood control systems
-built temples and houses for religious leaders
-invented: arch, dome, wheel, and a system of writing.
This document proclaimed certain rights, respect for certain legal procedure, accept that the king's will could be held at law.
Magna Carta
The Magna Carta implicitly supported what?
the Writ of Habeas Corpus, allowing appeal against an unlawful imprisonment
-led to the rule of constitutional law
This King of England ruled during 1066 until his death
William the Conqueror
William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066 with ____ _____ at the _________. He suppressed subsequent English revolts in what has become known as the ______
Normans, Flemish, The Battle of Hastings, Norman Conquests.
Law
is a code of conduct and rights recognized by a society.
What does Law do for a society?
provides social control, order, and justice, and it enables people to know their rights and responsibilities.
What is "The Body of Civil Law?"
The Byzantine emperor Justinaian consolidated all Roman Law into a single written code. The Body of Civil Law" is the Justinian Code that became the foundation of today's civil law system.
Prehistory
means the period before writing was developed.
While the Paleolithic period was the hunting of animals and the gathering of food, the neolithic period was the shift to _____________. This is called ____.
to keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis. This is called Systematic agriculture.
Dramatic changes occurred during the Neolithic revolution affecting the way people would live. Some of these changes were_____.
1) Once people began settling in villages or towns, they saw the need to build houses for protection and other structures for storage of goods.
2) Organized communities stored food and other material goods, which encouraged development
3) trading of goods led to specialization of crafts and then there was division of labor.
When was the Bronze Age and why was it called?
After 4000 BC craftspeople discovered that a combination of tin and copper created bronze which was more durable than copper. The widespread use between 3000 to 1200 BC became known as the Bronze Age.
Several characteristics define a civilization. Name 6 of them.
1) Cities
2) Government
3) Religion
4) Social Structure
5) Writing, and
6) Art
Taken together, the _____of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China constituted nothing less than the revolutionary stage in the growth of human society.
Civilization
Ancient Mesopotamia includes three general areas. What are they?
Assyria, Akkad, and Sumer.
Sumerians believed the G-ds owned, ruled the cities. By the G-ds ruling the cities, made the state a _____.
Theocracy a government by divine authority.
Sumerian city-states contained three major social groups. what were they?
nobles, commoners, and slaves
Who set up the first empire in world history?
Akkadians from Akkad by leader Sargon around 2340 BC.
An Empire is a
large political unit or state, usually under a single leader that controls many people and territories.
After the Akkadian Empire fell in 2100, _____, a city-state south of Akkad came into control.
Babyon; Ruler Hammurabi
He gained control of both Sumer and Akkad, thus creating a new Mesopotamian kingdom.
Hammurabi
What code of Law provided considerable insight into social conditions in Mesopotamia?
Code of Hammurabi which was based on a system of strict justice. And, it included what we would call today, consumer protection laws
True or False: Society in ancient Mesopotamia was patriarchal.
True; a woman's place was definitely in the home.
The Sumerians are credited with inventing the oldest writing system, _______, which cites from about 3000 BC
Cuneiform, wedge-shaped.
The tablets that contained cuniform was important because it allowed society to do ________.
to keep records and to pass along knowledge from person to person and generation to generation.
The Epic of Gilgamesh
is a Mesopotamian epic poem that records the exploits of a legendary King named Gilgamesh.
True or False: Sumerians were the first to create Bronze?
True: They were the first to make it out of copper and tin.
Sumerian Accomplishments
1) making bronze
2) In math the devised a system based on 60.
3) wagon wheel
4) the sundial
5) the potter's wheel
______, like Mesopotamia, was one of the first river valley civilizations.
Egypt
It is the longest river in the world.
The NIle
Egypt was blessed with natural barriers that gave it protection from invasion and a sense of security and changelessness.
Egypt was blessed with _____that gave it protection from invasion and a sense of security and changelessness.
Egyptians benefited from the Nile. Name.
Fertile land
transportation
and communication
Religion in Ancient Egypt?
Polytheistic
How many Kingdoms did ancient Egypt have and what were they?
1) Old Kingdom (2700 to 2200 BC)
2) Middle Kingdom (2050-1652 BC)
3) New Kingdom (1567-1085 BC)
Who created the first Egyptian royal dynasty?
Menez
The largest and most significant of all the pyramids was built for which King?
King Khufu at Giza
Which Kingdom did Egyptians later consider the golden age, an age of stability?
Middle Kingdom, a time where the King showed concern for the people.
What group of people invaded the middle kingdom in Egypt?
Hykos
Who was Hatshepsut?
The first woman to become pharaoh. She built a great Empire, Deir el Bahri, near Thebes.
Which Pharaoh changed his name and made ______ the sole G-d? Later boy-pharaoh, ______, undone the change.
Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaton; Aton, the sun G-d. Tutankhamen
Ancient Egypt
______developed an accurate 365-day calendar by basing their year not only on the movement of the moon, but also on the bright star ______
Egyptians; Sirius; Sirius rises in the sky just before the annual flooding of the NIle River.
Ancient Egypt
By preserving a dead body to protect it from decay, this practice of embalming _______
led to medical expertise in human anatomy. Archeologists have recovered directions from doctors for using splints, bandages, and compresses for treating fractures, wounds, and disease. Other ancient civilizations acquired medical knowledge from Egyptians.
Ancient Egypt
This group of people in central Asia around 4000 years ago domesticated animals for both food and clothing. Why did they move along regular migratory routes?
Pastoral Nomads; to provide steady sources of nourishment for their animals.
New Centers of Civilization
what was the result of nomads traveling long distance for trading?
nomads would often pass on new technological developments such as the use of Bronze and iron.
One of the most important nomadic peoples were the_____
Indo-Europeans
Indo-Europeans term refers
to a particular group of people who used a language derived from a single parent tongue. - include languages such as Greek, Latin, Persian, Sanskrit, and the Germanic languages.
Hittites were the first Indo-Europeans to use _____and as a result enabled them to use it as ______
Iron; weapons that were stornger and cheaper to make because of the widespread availability of iron ore.
Where did the Phoenicians live?
in the area of Palestine along the Mediterranean coast on a narrow band of land.
Phoenicians chief cities were
Bybos, Tyre, and Sidon and were ports on the Mediterranean.
Because of the Ports in Phoenicia, what occurred as a result?
Trade; Trade had long been the basis of Phoenician prosperity.
True or False: Phoenicians, like the Israelites, were a Semitic-speaking people.
True
Israelites: migrated from _____ to _____, which Hebrews referred to as ____. They followed a lifestyle of grazing flocks and hers rather than on _____. Then because of a _____they migrated to ______ where they were enslaved until Moses led them out. They wandered for many years in the desert before returning to Palestine.
Mesopotamia to Palestine; Canaan;farming; drought; Egypt
King Solomon ruled _____from about 970-930 BC and turned _____into the capital of Israel.
Palestine; Jerusalem
After the death of King Solomon, the Kingdom of Israel consisted of ____tribes and had the capital located in ____
10 northern tribes; Samaria
The Kingdom of Israel was overtaken by____.
Assyrians; the ten tribes were scattered and the result was assimilation and the loss of identity.
Timeline: Fall of the Kingdom of Israel to the Assyrians.....then later the Kingdom of ______ fell along with the Assyrians to the ______ and destroyed Jerusalem in 586....people were captives to _______....then the Babylonians were conquered by the Persians and allowed the people of Judah (2 tribes) to return and rebuild their city and temple.
Timeline: Fall of the Kingdom of Israel to the Assyrians.....then later the Kingdom of Judah fell along with the Assyrians to the Chaldeans and destroyed Jerusalem in 586....people were captives to Babylonians....then the Babylonians were conquered to the Persians and allowed the people of Judea (2 tribes) to return and rebuild their city and temple.
Persia was captured by ______ in the 4th century. The people of Judah survived eventually becoming the ____and giving their name to _____
Alexander the Great; Jews; Judaism
The Assyrians were a Semitic-speaking people who exploited the use of iron weapons to establish an empire by 700 BC
same as other side.
The Assyrians were a ______speaking people who exploited the use of _____ to establish an empire by 700 B.C.
The Assyrians were a semitic-speaking people who exploited the use of iron weapons to establish an empire by 700 B.C.
Assyrian Empire included Mesopotamia and parts of ______.
Iranian Plateau, sections of Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt down to Thebes.
King Nebuchadnezzar II made Babylon the leading state in western Asia. He rebuilt Babylon as the center of his empire and gave it a reputation as one of the great cities of the world, but it was ____.
short lived and fell to the Persians in 539 BC

(Assyrians -> Babylonians--> Persia)
Cyrus was ruler of the ____Empire.
Persian
Cyrus was considered the "_____"

Unlike Assyrian rulers, Cyrus had a reputation for _____
The Great; mercy;
Darius, leader of the Persian Empire, divided the empire into 20 ______.
satrapies with a satrap, a governor (protector of the kingdom) for each province.
Components of a civilization:
1) communication
2) transportation
3) military
4) trade
5) farming
How did geography influence both Egypt and Sumeria?
Floods from nearby rivers irrigated crops.
The Aryans, a group of Indo-European nomadic people conquered the ______
Harappans and created a new Indian society based on Aryan culture and institutions.
Aryans excelled at the art of ____. they developed their first writing system known as _____.
War; Sanskrit in (1000 BC)
The result of developing Sanskrit, the Aryans _____
1) write down legends and religious chants and rituals that had been transferred by orally from generation to generation.
What are the outcomes of a caste system in ancient India?
Determined

1) person's occupation
2) economic potential
3) position in society
Who said this in what book?

key points in Indian society: " In taking action, one must not worry about success or failure. one should only be aware of the moral rightness of the act itself."
Krishna in the most famous section of the Mahabharata called the Bhagavad Gita
Ancient Indians were noted in Science for______
Algebra and the concept of and symbol for "0"

Aryabhata, the most famous mathematician of Gupta Empire, was one of the first to use algebra.
Geographical barriers caused the isolation of Chinese people from peoples in other parts of Asia. What were these barriers?
Mountains and deserts.
Xia Dynasty
The first known, but little known, dynasty in China
Shang Dynasty ( 1750-1122 BC)
1) major concern: war
2) Anyang is the Capital
3) Aristocracy
4) known for their bronze casting
Zhou Dynasty (1045-256 BC)
1) longest lasting dynasty in Chinese History
2) followed the Shang
3) aristocracy
4) ruled much the same as the Shang
5) different from shang: ruled by a Mandate of Heaven - Heaven kept order in the universe through the Zhou king.
What is the "Period of Warring States?"
In 403 BC, civil war broke out in the territories

Iron was used because it was more powerful than bronze and the crossbow, a chinese invention.

Eventually the Qin took control to create the next dynasty after Zhou in 221 BC
Sophisticated techniques in farming from irrigation to the iron plow increased population in China as high as ____
50 million people during the late Zhou period as well as the encouragement of trade and manufacturing.
One of the most important items of trade in China was____
Silk
Ancient Greece: The Greeks lived on a number of islands to the west, south, and east of the Greek mainland. The result led the Greeks to become______
Seafarers. They sailed out to the Aegean Sea, The Mediterranean, and the Black Sea, making contact with the outside world.
Crete was the island of this early civilization in Greece.
Minoan
What first Greek state followed the Minoan civilization?
Mycenaeans
The Mycenae was one of a number of centers in a Mycenaean Greek Civilization that flourished between _____
1600 and 1100 BC
The Mycenaeans were, above all, a _____ people, who prided themselves on their _____deeds in battle.
warrior people; heroic
Who was King Agamemnon?
King of Mycenae
After the collapse of Mycenaean civilization, _______followed.
The Greeks in the Dark Age
The Greeks adopted the _____ alphabet
Phoenician
Homer is known for what?
Iliad and the Odyssey; Greeks learned to strive for heroism and honor.
The Polis was the Center of Greek life.
Define it and provide characteristics.
In a physical sense, a polis was a town, city, and a village--which served as the center of the polis where people could meet for political, social, and religious activities. It was above all a community of people who shared a common identity and common goals. it also had a military system
True or False: Greeks set up the city Byzantium. The site of what was later became Constantinople (now Istanbul)
True
The result of Greek expansion led to the
spread of their culture and political ideas throughout the Mediterranean; increase in trade and industry
Greek tyrants played a major role in Greek history because_____
the tyrants overthrew the aristocracy and allowed the people participation in government which led to democratic states.
Sparta became a military state after they conquered the
Messenians and Laconians (serfs) the captured people became "helots" "the captured"
What was the result of Spartan men living on military barracks until the age of 30?
The women of Sparta had greater freedom of movement and greater power in the household than was common elsewhere in Greece.
Spartans lived in somewhat of an isolated state; as a result, ___
new ideas were rarely brought in from other areas. it was frowned upon to study philosophy, literature, or the arts.
Cleisthenes created a new council in Athens of 500 supervised foreign affairs, oversaw the treasury, and proposed laws that would be voted on by the assembly. This resulted in ____
The Athenian Democracy; citizens now had the central role in the Athenian political system.
in 490 BC, the Persians landed on the plain of _______ only 26 miles from Athens. There an outnumbered Athenian army attacked and defeated the ______ decisively.
Marathon; Persians
What is the legend that surrounds "Marathon"
according to legend, news of Persia's defeat was brought by an Athenian runner named "Pheidippides" who ran 26 miles from Marathon to Athens.
The Age of Pericles
1) (direct) democracy flourish
2) empire expanded
3) Athens became the center of Greek culture
What was the result of defeating the Persians?
Great Peloponnesian War in 431 BC., after 25 years and a plague that spread within the walls of Athens, the war ended only leaving competing Greek states between Sparta, Athens, and Thebes.
the following were 3 famous Greek playwrights:
1) Aeschylus (Oresteia)
2) Sophocles (Oedipus Rex)
3) Euripides
Greek Tragedies dealt with universal themes of what we do today:
1) Nature of Good and Evil
2) the rights of the individual
3) nature of divine forces
4) the nature of human beings
Sophist believed_____
rejected Pythagoras; argued that it was simply beyond the reach of human mind to understand the universe. it was important for the individual to improve themselves
Socrates (as it was told by his pupils)
believed that all real knowledge is already present within each person, that only critical examination is needed to call it forth. "The unexamined life is not worth living"
Plato, a student of Socrates, _____
1) loved to question reality, "what is real?"
2) The Republic
3) was against democracy, but believed all men and women were entitled to an education
4) believed in the theory of Ideal Forms
Aristotle a pupil of at the school that was established by Plato believed_____
1) rejected Plato's theory of Ideal Form
2) Until the 17th century, much of Western thought would be based on Aristotle's ideas.
3) he favored constitutional government as the best from for most people.
Thucydides - a great historian...
saw the Peloponnesian War and politics in purely human terms, as the activities of human beings. he examined the causes and the course clearly and fairly, placing much of the emphasis on accuracy of facts.
During the Hellenistic Era, Alexandria stood out for the following:
home to

1) Poets
2) writers
3) Philosophers, and
4) Scientist
Pergamum, became the most important city in Asia Minor during what Era?
Hellenistic
Notable names in Science during the Hellenistic period?
1) Aristarchus - said that the sun is at the center of the universe and that the earth rotates around it

2) Eratosthenes - determined the earth was round
3) Euclid - wrote Elements (geometry)
4) Archimedes work in geometry - spheres, cylinders, and establish the value of the mathematical constant of pi
During the Hellenistic period, philosophy new systems of thought developed. who were the 2 notable and what did they establish?
1) Epicurus - Epicureanism- believed that humans were free to follow self-interest as a basic motivating force. Happiness was the goal of life. The means to achieve happiness was the pursuit of pleasure, the only true good. pleasure was freedom from emotional turmoil and worry.
2) Zeno - Stoicism- was concerned about how people found happiness. happiness could only be found only when people gained inner peace by living in harmony with the will of G-d. public service was regarded as noble. a stoic citizen was a good citizen.
The Great Peloponnesian War from 431 BC to 405 BC immediately resulted in
the weakening of the Athenian city-state.
Name 3 groups that settled in Italy
Latins, Etruscans, and Greeks.
Early Italy had the influences of the Estruscans and the Greeks. Early Rome was strongly influenced by the ____ between 753 BC to 509 BC) until it fell to ______ overthrew the last Etruscan King. A _____ was established.
Etruscans; Romans; republic
The chief executive officers of the roman Republic were the consuls and ____, who was in charge of civil law
Praetor
Law of Nations
The Romans came to identify the Law of Nations with natural law, or universal law based on reason. It was a system of law that could be to all people.
How did the Roman's law impact us today?
1) a person was regarded as innocent until proven otherwise
2) people accused of wrongdoing were allowed to defend themselves before a judge.
3) a judge was expected to weigh the evidence carefully before arriving at a decision
Rome went to war with the Carthaginian Empire 3 times and won. this was called the ____, ____ and the ____. The greatest of the Carthaginian general was _____. Rome entered the Fourth Macedonia War and won. Pergamum became Rome's province in Asia. by 129 BC, Rome was the Master of the Mediterranean Sea
The First Punic War; The Second Punic War; The Third Punic War. (demolished Carthage) Hannibal
The First Triumvirate
Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar; a government by 3 people with equal power.
Caesar crossed the _____ and defeated ______ and became a dictator.
Rubicon;Pompey;
Caesar was assassinated him 44 BC by a group of leading senators.
44BC
The Second Triumvirate
Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus.
Antony and Octavia went to battle and
antony fell in love with Cleopatra. octavia defeated antony, and a year later committed suicide with Cleopatra.
The Age of Augustus
The period in Rome beginning 31 BC and lasting until AD 14.
Octavia
he became the first Roman Emperor and was given the title Augustus, the revered once.
At its height in the second century, the Roman Empire was one of the greatest states the world had ever seen. it covered _____and had a population _____
about 3.5 million Square miles; more than 50 million
Latin was the language of the western part of the roman empire, whereas Greek was used in the east. Roman culture spread, and the result was the ______
Greco-Roman civilization
The greatest slave revolt in in Italy was led by _______
Spartacus