Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Mesopotamia |
River valley civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers |
Located at modern day Iraq |
|
Cunienform |
Wedged shaped form of writing |
Gives a window into Mesopotamian society |
|
Sumerian Era characteristics |
* non peaceful *trade *population growth *social classes *independent city-states each with king *majority pesants * agriculture important |
|
|
Mesopotamian kings |
*Not considered devine/representatives of gods *responsible for laws, army, and temple building |
|
|
Class structure Mesopotamia |
1.King 2.priest 3.nobles 4.pesants |
|
|
What was the main reason for writing in Mesopotamia ? |
The main form of writing was religion |
|
|
1300's |
Writing was more pictographic but later became phonetic |
|
|
What kind of religious society was Mesopotamia? |
Polythestic |
|
|
Characteristics of Mesopotamian gods |
*eternal & all powerful *not perfect * man was created to worship gods !* The Creation epic: (p.sorce) tells us they believegods are creators of world & man *violent *wanted to be worshipped *feared |
|
|
The Creation Epic |
* Apsu came to tiamat and complained about the noise man made keeping him awake. * Tiamat destroys man *Marduk battles her and kills her * slits Tiamat in half and created heaven & man from her carcass *dictates mans goal is to worship gods. |
|
|
The Epic of Gilgamesh |
*king Gilgamesh *concerned after friends death *questions unpishnia about life after death * gods agree to eliminate man kind due to lack of sleep *gods tell unpishnia to tear down his house and build a boat & take two of every living creature. *gods end the flood because they were scared & realized they made a mistake * glad not all men died.
|
|
|
Ziggurat-Ur |
*steeped tarris *large scale building * in center of city- states * religious purpose |
|
|
Sargon-King of Akkad |
* brings city - states under one ruler * ruled for 2 centuries |
|
|
Old Babylonian Era Hammurabi |
*ruler *skilled & sucessful *code of Hammurabi greatest achievement *282 different laws *1st law code of western history *law systems said to be from gods |
|
|
Conclusions code of Hammurabi |
*class divisions *gender divisions *property important *reputation *Morality * retribution |
|
|
Ancient Egypt |
*River vally civilization along the Nile river *floods leave fertal land for agriculture *386, 000 miles but 99% of population lives in maybe 1300 2 miles *transportation/trade/communication * peaceful civilization * geographic barriers prevent invasion innitally |
|
|
Archaic Era |
* Egypt united by King Menes *divine kingship:immortal, non warring |
|
|
Old Kingdom |
*government founded on peace *political & social hierarchy *age of pyramids Giza *Giza tomb for pharaohs *Ma'at order of rule by justice by gods |
|
|
Egypt & afterlife |
*mummification * pharoh role in afterlife *mummification mostly for rich less done for poor stresses importance of afterlife |
|
|
Book of the Dead |
*water important *gods paramount *cattle important *respect others *morality *standards of behavior *repercussions |
|
|
What is the comprehensive written language of Egypt? |
Hieroglyphs *first pictographic *later phonetic |
|
|
Rosetta Stone 196 B.C. |
*key to unlocking hieroglyphic * 3 seperate languahes 1. Top-hieroglyphic 2.Demotic 3.Greek |
|
|
Middle kingdom Egypt |
150 years no clear dynasty after fall of old kingdom *royal gov of thebes established new dynasty *prosperous era *1st forien invasion by Hyksos *established new diety Amen Rah |
|
|
The New Kingdom |
*Almose 1 drives out Hyksos & established new kingdom *warrior kings *expansion & invasion *Imperial power |
|
|
Hatshepsut |
1st great female ruler Became pharoh after husbands death and son too young to rule Step-mother to hier Sucessful |
|
|
What sowed seed for religious revoult in Egypt in the new kingdom? |
Conquest & expansion |
|
|
Amenhotp IV |
Banned all other gods but Aten becomming 1st monothestic ruler |
|
|
Tutankhatch/ Tutankhamen |
Changed it back to Amen Rah once again being polythestic * temple & priest restored |
|
|
Ramses II |
* Hitites threaten Egypt * battle at Kadesh *sees self as powerful god *stalemate battle but claimed a victory by himself * wealth deminished * decline of empire after reign * internal choas / constant invasion |
|
|
Hebrews: monotheistic revolution |
Hebrews were polythestic until Abraham moved to Cannan and claimed El the sole God of everything *relegion used to justify gender divisions *El respected & feared |
Begining of monotheistic society for hebrews |
|
Hebrews: Exodus |
* hebrews were contained by Egyptian *exodus= move back to Cannan *sinai covenant plays role in Hebrew life after exodus from Egypt |
|
|
Sinai covenant |
*polythestic until covenant *hebrews believed they were gods chosen people *bilateral agreement between Hebrews and God *outlined ethical demands & responsibilities *10 commandments |
|
|
What form of government did isreal imbrace during the time of 970-930 bc |
*monarch *Saul, David, and Solomon |
|
|
What accured after Solomons death? |
Isreal became devided * by 722 northern kingdom over ran by Assyrians *forced people to move to forien lands to prevent revolts *587 the southern kingdom falls and are taken into Babylonian captivity |
|
|
Isaiah, Hosea, and Micha |
* claimes that the hebrew people broke the covenant & need to repent *formed belief of a national savior/ annointed one sent by God to liberate Israelites. |
|
|
Ancient India |
*river valley civilization along the Indus river *farmers settle in the river valley *600, 000 m^2 territory *2300 BC large urban cities *built on grid system: water sanitation, & large buildings *evidence of trade with Mesopotamia *written language mostly unknown |
|
|
The Vedic Age |
*Aryan migration overran Harappan civilization *creates Sanskrit language * also the Rig Veda composed by Brahmens (priest) introduced *brahmens play large role in society bc they were believed to have understanding of the gods * their were kingd but priest more important *made srict social divisions within India |
|
|
Social divisions of india |
*Brahmins-priest *kuyshatriyas-political class *Vaishyas-middle class *Shudas- commoners 70% population * each caste has subgrups (jatis) Ex. Untouchables lowest member of society |
|
|
1000 bc India how does the Vedic religion change? |
The vedic religion moves away from glory to the gods but rather in the power of the sacrifice its self. *leads to challenge of vedic belief |
|
|
Upanishads |
New ideas in India that undermind traditional Vedic belief. *reincarnation based on Karma *goal to reunite with brahman through meditation *incouraged by rulers |
|
|
Jainism |
Refrain from all material world |
|
|
Buddhism |
*Siddartha Gautama- affluent family looking for joy, argues lifeis not about extremes *4 noble truths of life and 8 fold path of enlightenment *focus on life not afterlife *beginning of monastic communities Meaning to be free of worldly things *underminds caste system *philosophy rather than religion |
|
|
Nirvana |
To be completely at peace |
|
|
Hinduism |
* vedic undermined responds with more devotional religion *evolved from traditional vedic/brahmin *upheld caste system *embraced karma, reincarnation& caste *dharma *goal to reach union with brahaman |
|
|
Dharma |
*rules to live life by *full participation in life *honor & duty important |
|
|
China |
River valley civilization between Yangtze & Yellow rivers *mostly isolated *most of land unfarmable *comlex writing |
|
|
Shang dynasty |
*hereditary kings; intermediaries between heaven & earth *king= son of heaven *over thrown by Zhou |
|
|
Zhou dynasty |
Claim last shang ruler lost heaven's support known as the mandate of heaven. |
|
|
What is the significance of the warring states period in ancient china |
Context for new school of thought |
|
|
Art of war |
Military important How to conduct sucessful battle can also be applied to life |
|