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49 Cards in this Set

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The Middle Ages
The period in western European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century.
Gothic Styles
An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls.
Vikings
Seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America.
Manorialism
System of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land.
Serfs
Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system.
Moldboard
Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultication of heavier soils.
Three Field System
One-third of the land left unplanted each year to increase fertility
Clovis
King of Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496.
Carolingians
Royal house of the Franks from the 8th to the 10th centuries.
Charlemagne
Carolingian monarch who established a large empire in Grand and Germany circa 800.
Holy Roman emperors
Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy.
Charles Martel
Carolingian monarch of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732.
feudalism
Relationships among the military elite during the Middle Ages; greater lords provided protections to lesser lords in return for military service.
Vassals
Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty.
Capetians
French dynasty ruling from the 10th century; developed a strong feudal monarchy.
William the Conqueror
Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England.
Magna Carta
Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215
Parliament
Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the feudal principal that rulers should consult their vassals.
A Hundred Years War
Conflict between England and France (1337 - 1453)
Pope Urban II
Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Hold Land from Muslim control.
St. Clare of Assisi
13th century founder of a women's monastic order; represented a new spirit of purity and dedication to the Catholic church.
Pope Gregory VII
11th century pop who attempted to free the Catholic church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the practice of lay investiture of bishops.
Peter Abelard
Author of "Yes and No"; a university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology.
St. Bernand of Clairvaux
Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God
Thomas Aquinas
Creator of one of the great syntheses of medical learning; taught at University of Paris; author of "Summas"
scholasticism
dominant medieval philosophical approach, so called because of its base in schools or universities; based on the used of logic to resolve theological problems.
troubadours
poets in 14th century southern France; gave a new value to the emotion of love in Western tradition.
Hanseatic League
An organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.
Jacques Coeur
15 century French merchant; his career demonstrates new course of medieval commerce.
Guilds
association of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control
the Black Plague
plague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure.
Roman Catholic Church
church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Tome or pope.
Pope
meaning papa or father; bishop of Rome and head of Catholic church.
Franks
one of the principal tribes of the Germanic people; settled in area of France during the folk migrations of the 4th and 5th centuries.
Benedict of Nursia
Italian abbot who founded the monastery at Monte Cassino and the Benedictine order based on his teachings.
The Three Estates
three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders.
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
married in 1469 to bring the kingdoms of Spain together to complete the reconquest of Spain from the Muslims.
The First Crusade
Crusade by Pop Urban II which captured Jerusalem
The Third Crusade
Crusade led by King Richard the Lionhearted to recapture the city of Jerusalem from Islamic forced led by Saladin; failed in attempt.
The Fourth Crusade
Crusade which by a strange series of events attacked and sacked Constantinople.
Francis of Assisi
Son of a wealthy merchant; he renounced his wealth and chose a harsh life of poverty
investiture
a formal conferring of power to clergy usually withrtobes of other Christian symbols.
Augustine of Hippo
Bishop of Hippe; write Confessions and City of God
Roger Bacon
English philosopher and scientist who withdrew from medieval scholasticism and focused on experiment science
Geoffrey, Chaucer
English author who right "The Canterbury Tales"
Romanesque
architectural styles which was an adaption of the Roman basilica and barrel arch form
Beowulf
Anglo-Saxon epic poem dated to the 8th century which details Anglo-Saxon society through the adventures of the hero Beowulf.
Romance of Rose
Poem written by Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung during the 13th century
chivalry
medieval code used by knights which included the ideals of corage, honor, and the protection of the weak.