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49 Cards in this Set
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The Middle Ages
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The period in western European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century.
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Gothic Styles
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An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls.
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Vikings
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Seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America.
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Manorialism
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System of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor for access to land.
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Serfs
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Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system.
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Moldboard
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Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultication of heavier soils.
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Three Field System
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One-third of the land left unplanted each year to increase fertility
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Clovis
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King of Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496.
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Carolingians
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Royal house of the Franks from the 8th to the 10th centuries.
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Charlemagne
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Carolingian monarch who established a large empire in Grand and Germany circa 800.
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Holy Roman emperors
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Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy.
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Charles Martel
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Carolingian monarch of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732.
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feudalism
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Relationships among the military elite during the Middle Ages; greater lords provided protections to lesser lords in return for military service.
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Vassals
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Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty.
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Capetians
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French dynasty ruling from the 10th century; developed a strong feudal monarchy.
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William the Conqueror
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Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England.
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Magna Carta
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Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215
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Parliament
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Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the feudal principal that rulers should consult their vassals.
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A Hundred Years War
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Conflict between England and France (1337 - 1453)
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Pope Urban II
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Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Hold Land from Muslim control.
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St. Clare of Assisi
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13th century founder of a women's monastic order; represented a new spirit of purity and dedication to the Catholic church.
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Pope Gregory VII
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11th century pop who attempted to free the Catholic church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the practice of lay investiture of bishops.
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Peter Abelard
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Author of "Yes and No"; a university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology.
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St. Bernand of Clairvaux
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Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God
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Thomas Aquinas
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Creator of one of the great syntheses of medical learning; taught at University of Paris; author of "Summas"
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scholasticism
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dominant medieval philosophical approach, so called because of its base in schools or universities; based on the used of logic to resolve theological problems.
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troubadours
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poets in 14th century southern France; gave a new value to the emotion of love in Western tradition.
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Hanseatic League
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An organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.
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Jacques Coeur
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15 century French merchant; his career demonstrates new course of medieval commerce.
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Guilds
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association of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control
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the Black Plague
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plague that struck Europe in the 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure.
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Roman Catholic Church
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church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Tome or pope.
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Pope
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meaning papa or father; bishop of Rome and head of Catholic church.
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Franks
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one of the principal tribes of the Germanic people; settled in area of France during the folk migrations of the 4th and 5th centuries.
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Benedict of Nursia
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Italian abbot who founded the monastery at Monte Cassino and the Benedictine order based on his teachings.
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The Three Estates
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three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries; church, nobles, and urban leaders.
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King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
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married in 1469 to bring the kingdoms of Spain together to complete the reconquest of Spain from the Muslims.
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The First Crusade
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Crusade by Pop Urban II which captured Jerusalem
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The Third Crusade
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Crusade led by King Richard the Lionhearted to recapture the city of Jerusalem from Islamic forced led by Saladin; failed in attempt.
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The Fourth Crusade
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Crusade which by a strange series of events attacked and sacked Constantinople.
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Francis of Assisi
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Son of a wealthy merchant; he renounced his wealth and chose a harsh life of poverty
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investiture
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a formal conferring of power to clergy usually withrtobes of other Christian symbols.
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Augustine of Hippo
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Bishop of Hippe; write Confessions and City of God
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Roger Bacon
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English philosopher and scientist who withdrew from medieval scholasticism and focused on experiment science
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Geoffrey, Chaucer
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English author who right "The Canterbury Tales"
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Romanesque
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architectural styles which was an adaption of the Roman basilica and barrel arch form
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Beowulf
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Anglo-Saxon epic poem dated to the 8th century which details Anglo-Saxon society through the adventures of the hero Beowulf.
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Romance of Rose
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Poem written by Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung during the 13th century
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chivalry
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medieval code used by knights which included the ideals of corage, honor, and the protection of the weak.
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