World Civ Ii Final Exam Review

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Acerbo Law

Back 1

The Acerbo Law was an Italian electoral law proposed by Baron Giacomo Acerbo and passed by the Italian Parliament in November 1923. The purpose of it was to give Mussolini's fascist party a majority of deputies. [Wiki]

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Ghandi

Back 2

1869 – 1948

Leader of the Indian independence movement in British ruled India, non-violent civil disobedience

Nicknamed "Father of the Nation"

Dandi salt march - 1930, opposed British salt tax

Assassinated by Godse, a Hindi nationalist

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India's Independence

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1947

The partitioning of British India into India and Pakistan. Ghandi opposed the partitioning, Muslim League favored. Thousands of people were massacred in riots following the partitioning.

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Indian National Congress

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Formed in 1885, the Indian National Congress dominated the Indian movement for independence from Great Britain. [britannica]

Post independence, formed many Indian governments, and had a hand in state governments as well.

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Tirpitz Plan

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Germany's plan, prior to World War I, to build the second largest navy in the world (second to the UK). Sparked an arms race between Germany and the UK in terms of accelerated naval development.

Front 6

GiuseppeGaribaldi

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1807 - 1802

Italian general, politician, and nationalist

Commanded and fought for a Unified Italy

Considered one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland".

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Italian Unification

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Or the "Risorgimento", formed the Kingdom of Italy

Process began in 1815 with the Congress of Vienna - completed in 1871 when Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.

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Nationalism

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Patriotism, usually an extreme form

Supremacy of one's nation over others

Intense pride and loyalty

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Romanticism

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(also the Romantic era or the Romantic period)

An artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 1800s & at its peak from about 1800 to 1850. [wiki] Favored the medieval and emotional over rational and classic. Heroism, imagination, passion.

Front 10

ANC

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African National Congress

South Africa's Social Democratic Party

Est. 1994 when Nelson Mandela elected to presidency in first post-apartheid election

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Ataturk

Back 11

"Father of the Turks"

1881-1938

Led the Turkish National Movement in their war of independence, following fall of Ottoman Empire

Turkey's first president

Successfully modernized (and Westernized) Turkey

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Ataturk's Reforms

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Abolished the Islamic Caliphate

Secularized Turkey

Mandated Western style clothing

Est. Women's rights and legal gender equality

Changed alphabet and language to Latin

Changed education to secular, new curriculum

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Gavrilo Princip

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Bosnian Serb revolutionary, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Implicated members of the Serbian military upon arrest

Started the events leading to Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia, which then led to World War I

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The Black Hand

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Actual honest-to-god secret conspiracy group

Inspired by unification of Italy

Serbian group desiring Slavic unification, connected to assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

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Franco-Prussian War

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Otto Van Bismark
Unified 30+ German states against France
Took about two months for Germany to defeat France
Inspired Nationalistic pride

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German Unification

Back 16

1871, brought about by the Franco-Prussian War, unifying around Prussia

Unified in France, in Versailles

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EMS Dispatch

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Message to French from King of Prussia

Incited France, bad public opinion of Germnay, France declared war against Prussia (a German state) (essentially to save face)

Front 18

Causes of WWI

Back 18

Nationalism - Pride of one's own country, production, personally, supremacy

Militarism - Armament to defend against and deter war

Alliances - formed in part to protect Colonial holdings, would draw Colonial possessions into conflict; allies would come to the help of those involved in war, domino effect

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Schlieffen Plan

Back 19

France primary target, threat

Russia secondary, assumed to be slow to mobilize

Germans wanted to avoid two-front war, prioritize front in France

Front 20

Triple Entente

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The alliance linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 1907. [Wiki]

Front 21

Triple Alliance

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Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary

From 20 May 1882 until World War I in 1914. Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any other great power, or, in the case of Germany and Italy, an attack by France alone. [Wiki]

Front 22

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Back 22

Assassination engineered by Serbian army in a covert attempt to kill him

June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were on their way to a hospital in Sarajevo, when a young nationalist pulled out his gun and fired shots at short range. Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb, hit the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne in the jugular vein. [Wiki]

Front 23

New weapons of WWI

Back 23

Chemical, tanks, planes

Front 24

Christmas Truce

Back 24

In Belgium, in WWI, soccer match between enemy soldiers in No Man's Land

Front 25

Battle of Verdun

Back 25

WWI battle - Feb 1st 1916

German Offensive - trying to take back Verdun by wearing down French army with sheer constant numbers

1200 guns, constant bombardment

Hoped to turn war or gain surrender

With battle of Somme, deadliest battle in WWI and II

Once battle was over, nothing had changed hands

Front 26

Battle of Somme

Back 26

WWI battle - 1916

British Offensive

1 Brit soldier died every 45 seconds

With battle of Verdun, deadliest battle in WWI and II

Worst British loss of life in British history

Intended as diversionary battle to siphon German soldiers from Verdun

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U.S. Wartime Economy (wwi)

Back 27

Benefited from wartime economies' demand for imports

Front 28

Lusitania

Back 28

Sister ship Moritania used by British admiralty to transport troops to front

Lusitania was passenger ship, public didn't know Lusitania was carrying arms secretly

On target list by Germans

Germany took out full page ads to warn people not to get on the Lusitania because it was a target

Torpedo hit armaments in storage, ship sank in 15 minutes

128 of the passengers were U.S. citizens

Front 29

Zimmermann Note

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In a war with the United States, Mexico should ally with Germany, would be given Texas and other claims after American defeat

Trans-Atlantic cables cut by British-
Note intercepted, released to public, America infuriated

Front 30

Poncho Villa

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Villa thought Americans were imperialistic, taking oil and resources

Mexican/American conflict, Villa actually led troops into America, sacked towns in New Mexico

Front 31

U.S. Entry into WWI

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U.S. declaration of war in 1917

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Woodrow Wilson

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14 points "peace without victory"
1st president to visit Europe while in office

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November 11 1918

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The day WWI ended.

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Article 231

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Opening of Treaty of Versailles

Gave Germany sole blame for WWI and its consequences.

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Treaty of Versailles

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Treaty ending WWI

Germany had to pay 30 billion dollars in reparations, destroying German economy. Reduced army, banned airforce, turned navy over to British (ships scuttled) and Rhineland demilatarized. Alsace and Lorraine returned to France.

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Blank Check

Back 36

July 5, 1914: Germany Gives Austria-Hungary a “Blank Check” The “blank check” is an infamous episode in the history of the First World War; the first truly fatal error made by Germany – a promise of unconditional support for whatever action Austria-Hungary might take to punish Serbia. (After assassination of Ferdinand) [Mental Floss]

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Balfour Declaration

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Statement issued by Britain’s foreign secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Would create conflict between Arabs in Palastine and Jewish settlers.

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Weimar Republic

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(1919-1933)

Post WWI- Pre WWII German democracy

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Mandate system

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Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

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Mandate of Heaven

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Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, according to which it was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China and to take away that power if the ruler failed to conduct himself justly and in the best interests of his subjects.

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Ming Empire

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Followed the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang, self-proclaimed emperor of Ming in 1368 after leading armies in rebellion against the Yuan.

Followed by the Qing Empire in 1644.

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The Fall of the Ming Dynasty

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The fall of the Ming:(1557–1644)

Natural disasters, rebellions, war with the Japanese. The Ming fought rebels and the Manchu, who took Beijing.

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Zheng He

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An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

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The Rape of Nanking

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Mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against Nanking (the capital of the Republic of China at that time) from December 1937 to January 1938 during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

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Sun Yat-sen

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1866-1925

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

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ChiangKai Shek

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Succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang in 1925; headed the Chinese government from 1928 to 1949; fought against the Chinese Communists and Japanese invaders. After 1949 he headed the Chinese nationalist government in Taiwan.

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Mao Zedong

Back 47

Chinese communist revolutionary, founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as the Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949, until his death in 1976. His Marxist–Leninist theories, military strategies, and political policies are collectively known as Maoism or Marxism-Leninism-Maoism. [wiki]

Front 48

Great Leap Forward

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The People's Republic of China | economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China from 1958 to 1961. Campaign by Mao Zedong, aimed to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a socialist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization. However, widely considered to have caused the Great Chinese Famine.

Front 49

Long March

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The 6,000-mile flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. The four thousand survivors of the march formed the nucleus of a revived Communist movement that defeated the Guomindang after World War II.

Front 50

Guomindang

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Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement.

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Shogun

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Japanese military dictators, often had complete power over their holdings, although often appointed by the Emperor

Front 52

Daimyo

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Literally, “great name(s).” Japanese warlords and great landowners, whose armed samurai gave them control of the Japanese islands from the eighth to the later nineteenth century. Under the Tokugawa Shogunate they were subordinated to the imperial government.

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Samurai

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Literally “those who serve,” the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

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Tokugawa Shogunate

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The last of the three shogunates of Japan. The last feudal Japanese military government, which existed between 1603 and 1867. [Wiki]

Front 55

Cultural Revolution

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Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong in 1966 to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.

Front 56

The Little Red Book

Back 56

Mao Zedong, Chinese Cultural Revolition (1960s)

Propaganda book filled with quotations of Zedong, people had to prove they owned it/could quote from it to avoid being harmed

Front 57

Benito Mussolini

Back 57

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922–1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

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Zionism

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Movement for (originally) the re-establishment and (now) the development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel. It was established as a political organization in 1897 under Theodor Herzl, and was later led by Chaim Weizmann. [Oxford dictionary]

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Anti-semitism

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In more recent history: anti-Jewish pogroms (violent riot) in the Russian Empire between 1821 and 1906

Holocaust in German-occupied Europe

Soviet anti-Jewish policies

Arab and Muslim involvement in the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries.[wiki]

Front 60

Leon Trotsky

Back 60

Joined the Bolsheviks just before the 1917 October Revolution, and eventually became a leader within the Communist Party

Opposed Lenin, removed from party and from power in 1927

Opposed Stalin in exile, removed from Russian history books by Stalin

Assassinated in Mexico, 1940.

Front 61

Joseph Stalin

Back 61

The leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Holding the post of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he was effectively the dictator of the state.

Front 62

Vladimir Lenin

Back 62

Died 1924, left Stalin vs. Trotsky for power

Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed.

Front 63

Great Purge

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A campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union which occurred from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants and the Red Army leadership, and widespread police surveillance, suspicion of "saboteurs", imprisonment, and arbitrary executions. [wiki]

Front 64

5 Year Plans

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Joseph Stalin's plans to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. They succeeded in making the Soviet Union a major industrial power before World War II.

Front 65

Kristallnacht

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The Night of Broken Glass

Attack against Jews throughout Nazi Germany on 9–10 November 1938, carried out by SA paramilitary forces and German civilians

30,000 Jewish men arrested and sent to concentration camps

Over 1000 synagogues destroyed and 7000+ Jewish businesses attacked

[wiki]

Front 66

Nuremburg Laws

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The Nuremberg Laws were antisemitic laws in Nazi Germany. They were introduced on 15 September 1935 by the Reichstag at the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party (NSDAP). [wiki]

Front 67

Tet Offensive

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One of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968, by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam against the forces of the South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam, the United States, and their allies.

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Four Modernizations

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The Four Modernizations were goals first set forth by Zhou Enlai in 1963, and enacted by Deng Xiaoping, starting in 1978, to strengthen the fields of agriculture, industry, national defense; and science and technology in China.

Front 69

Enabling Act

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A 1933 Weimar Constitution amendment that gave the German Cabinet – in effect, Chancellor Adolf Hitler – the power to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag. [wiki]

Front 70

Appeasement

Back 70

A diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an enemy power in order to avoid conflict. The term is most often applied to the foreign policy of the British Prime Ministers Ramsay Macdonald, Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain towards Nazi Germany between 1935 and 1939.

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Causes of WWII Appeasement

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1) Fear of war (aftermath of WWI)

2) Fear of Communism (Stalin over Hitler, latter respected Christianity and private property)

3) They believed Hitler's promise to incorporate only German-speaking people and to stop the take-over there

Front 72

Beer Hall Putsh

Back 72

8–9 November 1923

Failed coup by Nazi leader, Hitler, to seize power in Munich, Bavaria. Hitler was arrested, charged with treason, and imprisoned. Served 9 months of 5 year sentence, wrote Mein Kampf while imprisoned.

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Big Lie

Back 73

A propaganda technique. The expression was coined by Adolf Hitler, when he dictated his 1925 book Mein Kampf, about the use of a lie so "colossal" that no one would believe that someone "could have the impudence to distort the truth so infamously." Hitler asserted the technique was used by Jews to unfairly blame Germany's loss in World War I on German Army officer Erich Ludendorff.

Front 74

Bushido

Back 74

The Samurai Way - code of honor, originated in Tokugawa Japan

Front 75

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Back 75

Lived 1543 –1616

The founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which effectively ruled Japan from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. [wiki]

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Meiji Restoration

Back 76

A chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. Focuses: centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. [wiki]

Front 77

DengXioping

Back 77

Paramount leader of the People's Republic China from 1978 until his retirement in 1989. [Wiki]

Front 78

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Back 78

Peace treaty marking the end of Russia's involvement in WWI.

The Bolsheviks sued for peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary. By the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed on March 3, 1918, Russia lost territories containing a third of its population and wealth.

Front 79

Opium War

Back 79

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government’s refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

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Treaty of Nanking

Back 80

1842

The treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded the island of Hong Kong to Britain.

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Taiping Rebellion

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1850–1864

A Christian-inspired rural rebellion that threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Movement was founded by Hong Xiuquan.Although the Taipings took and held Nanjing for more than a decade, the rebellion was quelled whenBritish and French forces joined the Qing campaign against the Taipings.

Front 82

Boxer Uprising

Back 82

Anti-Foreign & anti-Christian uprising 1899-1901

More nationalistic, opposed to Imperialist expansion